<p>The historic Rock River Hotel, later the Blackhawk Hotel and currently known as the Patchwork Inn bed and breakfast, is a two-story I-house brick building in the Ogle County, Illinois city of Oregon. The Hotel is within the Oregon Commercial Historic District. The district and its contributing properties were added to the National Register of Historic Places in August 2006. Today it operates as a bed and breakfast but in its earliest years it was a private residence, by 1899 it had been converted for use as a hotel.</p><br>
<p>The Jacobs Block, also known as the National Clothing House, is an 1870s historic building encompassing addresses in the 400 Block of Washington Street and the 100 Block of North Fourth Street in Oregon, Illinois. The Jacobs Block is part of Ogle Countys only nationally designated historic district. The area, known as the Oregon Commercial Historic District, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in August 2006. The building, listed as a contributing structure to the historic district, is the Oregon Historic Districts largest.</p><br>
<p>The Lumber Exchange Building was the first skyscraper built in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, dating to 1885. It was designed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style by Franklin B. Long and Frederick Kees and was billed as one of the first fireproof buildings in the country. It is the oldest high-rise building standing in Minneapolis, and is the oldest building outside of New York City with 12 or more floors.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Long had formerly worked with Charles F. Haglin, while Frederick Kees had worked with Leroy Buffington for about four years. The partnership of Long and Kees, lasting from 1884 to 1897, was particularly successful and led to the construction of many of the largest buildings in the city in the 1880s and 1890s. Other buildings by these partners included the Public Library (1884), Masonic Temple (1888) (now the Hennepin Center for the Arts), Flour Exchange (1893–1897), Minneapolis City Hall (1889), and the Kasota Block (1884).</p><br>
<p>The building was built in multiple stages. Originally a tall, thin structure, an additional wing was added in 1890. Later, two stories were added at the top of the building. James Lileks, Minneapolis writer and architectural critic, says,</p><br>
<p>The Lumber Exchange Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Civil War Memorial, in the DeKalb County county seat of Sycamore, Illinois, United States, is located in front of the DeKalb County Courthouse on a public square. The memorial was erected in 1896 and dedicated in 1897. The structure is a memorial to the thousands of DeKalb County residents who served in the American Civil War. It incorporates an obelisk which rises to 50 feet  in height. The base is adorned with copper sculpture, completed by an unknown sculptor. On the east facade of the memorial the word "Antietam", denoting the Battle of Antietam, is misspelled. This work of public art underwent its first restoration work in 2005-2006.</p><br>
<p>The memorial is included among the 187 buildings and structures considered contributing properties to the Sycamore Historic District. The historic district was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The structure also has artistic significance as it is listed by the Smithsonian American Art Museum in their research database. It is one of the few sculptures in DeKalb County found within that database. The Civil War Memorial is owned by DeKalb County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The DeKalb County Civil War Memorial and the sculpture that adorns it was created by an unknown sculptor and installed in front of the DeKalb County Courthouse in 1896. The county-owned memorial stands on the public square in Sycamore, the county seat and is 50 feet (15.2 m) tall.</p><br>
<p>In July 2005 the statues adorning the monument underwent a restoration. The work, the first in the 110-year history of the memorial, was completed at a cost of $16,500.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The 50-foot (15.2-m) tall memorial has base dimensions of 10 feet (3 m) by 6 feet (1.8 m).</p><br>
<p>The two copper statues, each standing 6 feet (1.8 m) tall, flank the obelisk which rises to a masonry soldier statue, instead of the typical apex of an obelisk. The figure atop the granite obelisk is a mustached American Civil War soldier dressed in a long coat, a cape, and a cap. In the figures right hand he holds the handle of his sword and the swords tip rests in front of his right foot. In the soldiers left hand is a flag. Below the apex of the obelisk, on the memorials base, are two additional sculpted figures, a Union infantry soldier and a Union cavalry soldier. The Union infantryman is dressed in a cap, long coat, and a cape, much like the figure atop the obelisk. The Union cavalryman, standing on the east side of the base, is dressed in a brimmed hat and short jacket.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The 1974 Illinois Historic Sites Survey Inventory found the DeKalb County Civil War Memorial significant in the areas of military and sculpture. At the time of the 1974 survey, the memorial was considered in "excellent" and "not altered" condition. It is also one of the few sculptures in DeKalb County that is listed in the Smithsonian American Art Museum&#39;s Smithsonian Institution Research Information System (SIRIS). The Civil War Memorial is listed as a contributing property to the Sycamore Historic District. The historic district joined the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 1978. As a part of the Sycamore Historic District, the National Register classifies the DeKalb County Civil War Memorial as an "object."</p><br>
<p>The building at 302 Washington St. in Oregon, Illinois is part of trio of historic Italianate commercial buildings within the boundaries of the Oregon Commercial Historic District from 300-306 Washington. The structure acts mostly as a hallway area between the buildings at 300 Washington St. and the F.G. Jones Block. The interior and exterior have been significantly restored on all three buildings. As part of the Commercial Historic District 300 Washington Street was added to the National Register of Historic Places in August 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>This two-story red brick building is detailed with limestone and sits adjacent to the F.G. Jones Block, at 304-306 Washington, and the historic building at 300 Washington. A canvas awning stretches the entire front facade, continuing along to the other two buildings connected to 302. The second-story front exterior features three windows and is heavily Italianate in its design. All three window bays are elaborately arched, the central one being taller than the two flanking bays. The hoodmolds are stone round arches with decorative keystone and impost blocks, with those on the central window being the more ornate of the three. The base of the buildings parapet is corbelled in the same red brick that makes up the rest of the exterior. At the buildings frieze are seven recessed panels with small corbelled areas of brick between.</p><br>
<p>Particularly notable is the building&#39;s rear facade. The uniform brick surface stretches evenly over all three of the structures, 302, 300 and the Jones Block. The rear facade of 302, however, features a cast-iron storefront with bulkhead panels and two storefront sash double doors. Cast-iron columns separate the storefront sash from the beams with rosettes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building&#39;s east end was used as a theater for the showing of films in the early part of the 20th century. The building at 302 Washington became the theater after the operation at a local saloon moved there.</p><br>
<p>Dinay is a village belonging to the municipality of Rull in the southern part of the island of Yap in the Federated States of Micronesia. The village was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places in 2004. It is unique in Micronesia as the site of an ancient pottery complex, and is probably one of the earliest settlements on the island. The ancient village complex includes more than a dozen family platforms  of such age that local folklore has forgotten their lineages, normally a significant cultural feature of such sites. The period of occupation is estimated to have been between about 3000 BCE and 1600 CE.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1703, St. Michaels Church in downtown Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, is a founding parish of the Episcopal Diocese of New Jersey. Its present building located at 140 North Warren Street was built in 1747–1748, and was renovated in 1810 and 1847–1848. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 29, 1982 as St. Michaels Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>Its congregation, now a mission of the Episcopal Diocese of New Jersey, has involved itself in the history and culture of the city of Trenton from its founding in 1703 to the present.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>St. Michael&#39;s was organized as a parish in 1703 in Hopewell Township. A Church of England building was erected on "Breese Farm" in 1704. In 1708 the parish was gifted with articles from Anne, Queen of Great Britain. These articles now reside in the New Jersey State Museum.</p><br>
<p>The main sanctuary of St. Michael&#39;s Church was built 1747–1748 at its present location on North Warren Street in Trenton. The building was extensively renovated in 1810. The distinctive turrets facing Warren Street remain from the 1810 renovation, but the bell tower is no longer standing.</p><br>
<p>In 1776, due to an even split of the congregation between Revolutionary and Loyalist sympathies, the building was closed and the congregation disbanded during the American Revolutionary War. During this time, the building was used as a hospital and the churchyard was a burial ground for Hessian soldiers fighting to retain British control of the American Colonies.</p><br>
<p>Reverend William Frazer, who had been a Tory during the American Revolution, was permitted to resume his duties as rector at St. Michael&#39;s after the war. Frazer also ran a school, where his students in the early 1790s included the two oldest sons of Alexander Hamilton, Philip and Alexander Jr.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1801, St. Michaels was host to the seventh General Convention of the Episcopal Church and the site where the delegates ratified a revised version of the Anglican Churchs 39 Articles of Religion. This adaptation was thus accepted by the Protestant Episcopal Church USA, part of the Anglican Communion, yet not subject to oaths of loyalty to the British crown.</p><br>
<h3>20th century to date</h3><br>
<p>Early in the 20th century, a delegation of parishioners from St. Michael&#39;s Church were involved in the founding of Trinity Episcopal Cathedral, the current seat of the Bishop of the Diocese of New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>Notable in more recent history is the voluntary racial integration of St. Michaels in 1955 through merger with the African congregation of St. Monicas Parish, occasioned by the Episcopal Church Women of their respective congregations. Through the end of the millennium at least St. Michaels parish has remained integrated with respect to race, national origin and language; today, St. Michaels Parish remains a diverse community.</p><br>
<p>In 1973 St. Michaels became a mission of the Episcopal Diocese of New Jersey. In 2006 St. Michaels Church was awarded a $50,000 grant for an architectural feasibility study due to the history of the building and grounds. In 2015 St. Michaels Church called a Lutheran pastor, the Revd Mark David Johnson, to serve as vicar.</p><br>
<p>During 2005 and 2006 Patriot&#39;s Week re-enactments of the Battle of Trenton, Continental Army reenactors passed by the Warren Street entrance to the sanctuary, sparing the delicate plaster walls the reenactment of a legendary cannon blast.</p><br>
<h2>Sanctuaries and churchyards</h2><br>
<p>The Hopewell Sanctuary: In 1704 the Church of England building was erected on "Breese Farm" (later the site of the New Jersey State Hospital in an area which became Ewing Township, NJ, in 1834).</p><br>
<p>The North Warren Sanctuary (1748-: The principal sanctuary of St. Michaels was renovated to resemble Lambeth Palace with two turrets and a bell tower. The bell tower of St. Michaels is no longer standing, but the turrets and towers remain. Inside the main sanctuary are two Tiffany stained-glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The churchyards and their notables: The churchyards of St. Michael&#39;s contain the graves of persons notable for their contributions to the history of the United States:</p><br>
<p>The Hopewell Churchyard: Mary Trent, wife of William Trent, founder of Trenton was buried in the Hopewell Graveyard.</p><br>
<p>The North Warren (Trenton) Churchyard: In the churchyard of St. Michael&#39;s on North Warren Street, a large, granite slab with prominent Masonic insignia marks the grave of David Brearley, a New Jersey delegate to the 1787 Philadelphia Constitutional Convention, signer of the USA Constitution and first New Jersey Supreme Court Chief Justice. The niece of Napoleon Bonaparte (daughter of Joseph Bonaparte, exiled to nearby Bordentown, New Jersey) also rests in the churchyard.</p><br>
<p>Merion Cricket Club is a private club which is located in Haverford, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1865.</p><br>
<p>The current clubhouse is its sixth, the last four having been designed by Philadelphia architect Frank Furness and his partner, Allen Evans, who was also a founder of the club.</p><br>
<p>The club was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987 for its leading role in the promotion, development and continued support of cricket, golf, squash, and tennis in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The club was founded in October 1865 by William Woodrow Montgomery and Marshall Ewing. Its first meeting was held at Glenays, the home of William Woodrow Montgomery, on December 16, 1865. While there was some thought of converting into a baseball club due to a lack of a permanent facility, its first cricket match was held in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, May 19, 1866.</p><br>
<p>From 1873 to 1892, the club occupied grounds in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, before moving to its present grounds in Haverford. The first tennis match was held in 1881; the first golf course was laid out in 1896, with other courses in 1912 and 1914.</p><br>
<p>From 1900 to 1934 and 1937 to 1941, the club hosted the NCAA Division I men&#39;s tennis championships.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The first clubhouse (1865–73) was an existing house in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, on land owned by Col. Owen Jones. The second (1873–80) was an industrial building in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, about a mile southeast of the current grounds. The third (1880–92), by Furness & Evans, on Cricket Avenue in Ardmore, was destroyed by fire in 1892. The fourth (1892–96), at the present location, although backing onto Montgomery Avenue, was destroyed by fire in January 1896. The fifth (1896), backing onto Grays Lane, was destroyed by fire before its completion. The sixth (and present) clubhouse was built to the same plan as the fifth but in stone and brick. Alexander Cassatt, a vice-president of the Pennsylvania Railroad (later PRR president), paid for the fireproof clubhouse.</p><br>
<p>On the club grounds there are indoor and outdoor tennis courts, paddle tennis courts, singles and doubles squash courts, a bowling alley, dining facilities and a ballroom. Seasonally, the club has croquet and cricket events.</p><br>
<p>The Club also fields a football (association football) team known as the Merion C.C. Football Club. The team competes annually for The Manheim Prize, the oldest amateur soccer trophy in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Club&#39;s tennis and squash facilities have been host to many historically significant national and international championships.</p><br>
<h2>Merion Golf Club</h2><br>
<p>In 1896 members of the Merion Cricket Club founded the Merion Golf Club which has hosted the USA Open five times, for the first time in 1934. In 1941, this became a separate club. The Merion Golf Club most recently hosted the USA Open in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Socialist Labor Party Hall at 46 Granite Street, Barre, Vermont was constructed in 1900. It was a location for debates among anarchists, socialists, and union leaders over the future direction of the labor movement in the United States in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Located in the former Italian section of Barre, the Socialist Labor Party Hall is a two-story flat-roofed brick structure with a gambrel-roofed single story rear hall. It is associated with Barre&#39;s rich ethnic heritage, specifically the vital Italian community that immigrated to Barre at the end of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The direct association of this property with the labor movement, community, and the immigration of Italians makes it one of Barre&#39;s most important buildings. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2000 for its association with the socialist, anarchist, and labor movements, and as the only building known to have been built by volunteer members of the Socialist Labor Party.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Its design reflects no particular architectural style, but its form does illustrate the building&#39;s function as an assembly hall. The exterior is simply ornamented with Barre granite details. The most important of these is a carved medallion depicting an arm bearing a hammer, the symbol of the Socialist Labor Party, and the initials SLP.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1900 by volunteers of the Italian community as a meeting hall for the Socialist Labor Party, a political group dedicated to social and labor reform. The Hall provided the community with a place to meet, organize, and socialize. Dances, boxing and wrestling matches were held here. In 1901, the Co-Operative store was started in the basement to provide necessities for the community.</p><br>
<p>When the Hall opened in 1900, more than 90 percent of Barres workers belonged to one of 15 local unions, many of them probably attended union meetings and political rallies held here. From 1900 to 1936 the building held the offices and meetings of the Granite Cutters International Association, at the time the largest local union of granite workers in the country. Labors leaders such as Eugene Debs and Samuel Gompers are known to have visited Barre and, although unconfirmed, likely spoke at the Hall.</p><br>
<p>During the infamous 1912 Lawrence textile strike, taking place in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the Italian community in Barre sheltered 35 children of those striking workers, all of whom were received at the Hall. During one political gathering in 1903, illustrating the sometimes volatile nature of political groups at this time, an argument broke out between socialists and anarchists, ending in the essentially random but fatal shooting of Elia Corti, a prominent Italian stone carver responsible for the panels on the Robert Burns Memorial statue in Barre.</p><br>
<p>In 1936, the Hall was sold and converted to a warehouse for The Washington Fruit Company and later the Vermont Pak Tomato company.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2000.</p><br>
<p>In 1995 the Hall was purchased by the Barre Historical Society, with much support, to restore it as a library, community meeting hall, and social club. The Labor Hall was flooded due to rain on July 10–11, 2007. Four feet of water flooded the basement, damaging walls, equipment, and the archived documents stored in the basement.</p><br>
<p>The hall has been used for various social and community projects and functions throughout the years. In 2006, the hall was used for the first rehearsals and performances of the musical Hadestown, which would eventually debut on Broadway in 2019. Hadestown’s writer, Anaïs Mitchell, was raised nearby.</p><br>
<p>Roseland Cottage, also known as Henry C. Bowen House or as Bowen Cottage, is a historic house located on Route 169 in Woodstock, Connecticut, United States. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1992. It is described as one of the best-preserved and best-documented Gothic summer houses in the nation, with virtually intact interior decorations.</p><br>
<p>It is now owned by Historic New England, a non-profit organization that preserves the historical value of the house and operates it as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Roseland Cottage was built in 1846 in the Gothic Revival style as the summer home of Henry Chandler Bowen and family. The entire complex, with a boxwood parterre garden, an icehouse, garden house, carriage barn, and the nation&#39;s oldest surviving indoor bowling alley, reflects the principles of writer and designer Andrew Jackson Downing. In his widely popular books, Downing stressed practicality along with the picturesque, and offered detailed instructions on room function, sanitation, and landscaping.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1870, the largest Fourth of July celebrations in the United States were held at Roseland Cottage. Four United States Presidents visited Bowen&#39;s summer home as his guests and speakers for these celebrations: Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Rutherford B. Hayes, and William McKinley. Other prominent visitors included Henry Ward Beecher, Julia Ward Howe, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., and John C. Frémont. The home and gardens on one of these occasions were described in a local newspaper in 1887:</p><br>
<p>Today the house remains in excellent historic condition, with original Gothic furniture and embossed Lincrusta Walton wall decoration. The house, known locally as The Pink House, is currently painted coral pink, and located on Woodstock Hill Common. Roselands parterre garden contain twenty-one flowerbeds with more than 4,000 annuals bordered in boxwood, in their original 1850 pattern, and now form part of Connecticuts Historic Gardens.</p><br>
<p>The house is a contributing property within NRHP-listed Woodstock Hill Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Roseland Cottage (Bowen Cottage) - interior view.jpgInterior view</p><br>
<p>Roseland Cottage (Bowen Cottage) - entryway.jpgEntryway detail</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Harrison and large group at Roseland Cottage - DPLA - 6f621e21a20b5083a4b22d44e6604e56 (page 1).jpgBenjamin Harrison and large group at Roseland Cottage</p><br>
<p>Roseland Cottage, Woodstock, CT - 1909.jpgRoseland Cottage on a postcard sent in 1909</p><br>
<p>Roseland Cottage and Garden, Woodstock, CT 2020.jpgCottage and garden (2020)</p><br>
<p>Roseland Cottage, Woodstock, CT 2020.jpgExterior (2020)</p><br>
<p>Roseland Cottage National Historic Landmark Marker.jpgNational Historic Landmark marker</p><br>
<p>INTERIOR FRONT PARLOR - Bowen House, Woodstock, Windham County, CT HABS CONN,8-WOOD,1-12.tifInterior, front parlor</p><br>
<p>Camp Merrie-Woode is a non-profit residential camp for girls ages 7–17 in the western hills of North Carolina with a history started in 1919. The camp resides beneath Old Bald and alongside Fairfield Lake in Jackson County. In 2005 there were twenty-eight USA states and four foreign countries represented with 85% of campers returning the following summer. Young ladies at Camp Merrie-Woode develop confidence by participating in activities such as horseback riding, sailing, hiking, rock climbing, theatre, and river trips down the Chattooga, Nantahala, French Broad, Nolichucky, and the mighty Tuckaseegee River.</p><br>
<p>The lists Old Bald/Cherry Cove as one of the "significant natural areas of Jackson County" because of the forest of Northern Red Oaks in the region, as well as one of the two historic grassy balds in the county. The land is registered a USA National Heritage Area and is owned by a combination of the National Park Service, USA Forest Service, local, and private entities.</p><br>
<p>Camp Merrie-Woode operates as a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational institution.</p><br>
<p>Camp Merrie-Woodes extraordinary natural setting has inspired a lasting appreciation of the worlds beauty in thousands of girls and young women since 1919. In this friendly, non-competitive community of simplified living, each individual is valued for who she is and who she will become.</p><br>
<p>Listed on the National Register of Historic Places for Jackson County in 1995 as a national historic district, Merrie-Woode is recognized for historical and architectural significance as a historic district that has been preserved in its original Adirondack style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Dammie Day and Mary Turk</h3><br>
<p>Founded in 1919, Camp Merrie-Woode® was directed for nearly thirty years by Mrs. Jonathon C. Day of New York City and Richmond. Dammie, as she was known by campers, was born of British parents and established the old English traditions. “I knew I wanted an imaginative and meaningful name,” Dammie wrote, “and one night the name came so clearly to me- Merrie-Woode...for it is a merry wood and campers will always make it so.” Dammies legacy of honor and appreciation of simple living and acquiring “eyes that see” the beauty of Gods world was emphasized in activities which taught the importance of a life of service.</p><br>
<h3>The Orrs</h3><br>
<p>Following the 1951 season, the camp was sold to Mr. and Mrs. Fritz Orr of Atlanta who, with their son Fritz, Jr. and his wife, Dottie, operated Merrie-Woode until 1978. The Orrs were great outdoor enthusiasts and were especially instrumental in building strong canoeing and wilderness programs. Fritz, Jr. and Dottie&#39;s son, Fritz Orr III, grew up around Merrie-Woode and is a four-time national whitewater canoe champion.</p><br>
<h3>Hugh Caldwell and the Merrie-Woode Foundation</h3><br>
<p>Upon the Orrs&#39; retirement in 1978, Hugh Caldwell, a University of the South philosophy professor and Merrie-Woode staff member since 1952, led alumnae to form the Merrie-Woode Foundation, a non-profit corporation with the sole purpose of owning and operating Camp Merrie-Woode®. Through the generous support of the Merrie-Woode family, the Merrie-Woode Foundation purchased the camp in December 1978. With the establishment of the Merrie-Woode Foundation, the camp is now in effect owned and operated by its former campers. Dr. Caldwell served as its first director through 1985 and was followed by Art and Carolyn Kramer. The Kramers were the directors from 1985 through 1989.</p><br>
<h3>The Strayhorns</h3><br>
<p>From 1990-2002, Laurie and Gordon Strayhorn served as the Executive Directors. The Strayhorns worked to maintain the historic architecture during a period of extensive renovations to many of camp&#39;s buildings and cabins.</p><br>
<h3>The Dunns</h3><br>
<p>From 2002 to 2022, Denice and Jim Dunn served as Executive Directors of Camp Merrie-Woode®. The Dunns continued the traditions founded by their predecessors. Jims background is in education and Denices background is in engineering, bringing a well rounded cadre of skills to the foreground to continue Camp Merrie-Woode&#39;s success. The Dunns maintained their home on the grounds of Camp Merrie-Woode®.</p><br>
<p>The Walkers</p><br>
<p>Robin and Frost Walker became Executive Directors of Camp Merrie-Woode in 2022, following the Dunn&#39;s retirement. Robin began her Merrie-Woode journey as a camper in 1989, became a Captain in 1996, and served as a cabin counselor and boating instructor for several summers. Frost traces his enthusiasm for the outdoors to summers as a camper at Camp High Rocks in Cedar Mountain, NC. A native of Greenville, SC, Frost first discovered his passion for rock climbing at camp and dedicated many years to becoming an expert level climber and outdoor adventure guide.</p><br>
<h2>Camp life and traditions</h2><br>
<p>The cabins of Camp Merrie-Woode are rustic wooden structures with screened windows and electricity. A typical cabin consists of four to six campers of the same age and one or two counselors. These cabins share two modern bathhouses located directly behind the cabin line. Older campers live in larger cabins with eight to ten campers, two counselors, and built-in bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>All girls who attend Merrie-Woode wear the camp uniform. For the June and Main sessions, campers wear the traditional gray middie blouse, green tie, and dark green shorts. The uniform of the shorter August session consists of a gray Camp Merrie-Woode T-shirt and dark green shorts.</p><br>
<p>As a result of founder Dammie Days British heritage, the camp is built around the legend of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table, particularly the tale of the Knights’ search for the Holy Grail. Many of the buildings around the camp take their names from these legends, such as the cabin of Camelot and the gymnasium, King Arthurs Court. At the end of each session, the oldest campers or staff members in camp present the traditional pageant of Follow the Gleam, reenacting the search for the Holy Grail.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Camp Merrie-Woode offers more than twenty instructed activities, with a balance of traditional and adventure programming. Campers select eight activities at the June and Main sessions, while August session campers pick five to fill their schedule.</p><br>
<p>Traditional programming includes sports and nature, as well as visual and performing arts. Sports activities include archery, tennis, land sports, and tumbling. The camp offers a variety of arts classes, such as ceramics, jewelry, knitting, photography, weaving, sewing, and stained glass, as well as dance and drama in the performing arts. Adventure programming comprises the activities of boating, swimming, horseback riding, and mountaineering. Many activities have their own programs of progressive, level-based achievement, such as the Captains program in boating, the Horsemaster program in horseback riding and the King&#39;s Player program in drama. The programs are not required, but are enjoyed by many goal-oriented campers.</p><br>
<h2>Sessions and cost</h2><br>
<p>Each summer at Merrie-Woode consists of three sessions: a three-week session at the beginning of June, a five-week Main session running through the end of July, and a ten-day August session geared toward younger and first-time campers. Apart from minor changes in atmosphere, the camp experience remains the same between each session (with the exception of minor differences mentioned above).</p><br>
<p>The table below illustrates common opening and closing dates for each session and provides the most recent cost per session.</p><br>
<p>The Lumber Exchange Building was a building located on USA Route 101 in South Bend, Washington. It was built in 1907 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 19, 1988.</p><br>
<p>In February 2006, real estate company LANCO LLC announced an escrow deal to purchase the Lumber Exchange building as part of a development of two adjacent properties. The purchase was contingent on inspection by a structural engineer to make sure that the granite footings under the building were still stable.</p><br>
<p>On May 7, 2006, part of the facade of the building collapsed onto the highway. The building had been unoccupied for several years. The building was razed on May 10, 2006, and the site is currently vacant.</p><br>
<p>The Metal Highway Bridges of Fulton County Thematic Resources is the title for a Multiple Property Submission to the National Register of Historic Places in the USA state of Illinois. Originally the submission included nine separate bridges throughout Fulton County; however, since the Metal Highway Bridges&#39; inclusion on the Register in 1980, more than half of those bridges have been destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>The nine bridges are all located in rural settings. Away from cities and towns, the bridges were all located along dirt roads, though they were still all accessible by automobile save one. Even so, they were really only accessible in dry weather as rain renders many Illinois dirt roads impassable for the average car.</p><br>
<p>The original submission consisted of nine steel truss highway bridges in Fulton County, of nearly identical construction, spanning the Spoon River. They were located in or near various communities, and were collectively admitted to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The nine bridges included with the original listing are: Seville Bridge, Bernadotte Bridge, Buckeye Bridge, London Mills Bridge, Babylon Bend Bridge, Elrod Bridge, Duncan Mills Bridge, Tartars Ferry Bridge and Indian Ford Bridge. Of the nine, five have been destroyed since the listing on the Register in 1980. Four of the bridges &ndash; Tartars Ferry, Bernadotte, Buckeye and Elrod &ndash; were located near Smithfield, Illinois. Of those four, only the Bernadotte Bridge remains. The Indian Ford Bridge and London Mills bridge were both located around London Mills, Illinois; neither still stands. The other three bridges &ndash; Babylon Bend, Seville, and Duncan Mills &ndash; were located near Ellisville, Seville and Lewistown, Illinois. Of those, only the Duncan Mills Bridge has been demolished.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The location of Fulton County in Illinois</p><br>
<p>The nine bridges that make up the Metal Highway Bridges of Fulton County were all constructed between c. 1880 and c. 1915. All nine bridges were and are located on county and township roads in rural settings, and are all very similar in their construction materials and methods. They are early examples of steel truss bridges in Illinois.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The bridges in Fulton County exhibit two types of steel truss bridge construction, Pratt bridge and Parker, which were the most common early types of steel truss bridges. Due to variation within each type of bridge, the collection in Fulton County offered a unique opportunity to view the evolution of late 19th and early 20th century steel truss bridge construction. For example, the now-demolished London Mills Bridge, a Pratt built in 1883, featured pinned connection and double eyebars for the lower chord and for the diagonals. This is compared to the also destroyed Indian Ford Bridge, a Pratt bridge built in 1917, which used riveted connections and I-beam construction for its lower chords and diagonals.</p><br>
<p>Each of the bridges utilized similar construction materials; each one is/was almost all steel, with the possible exception of the London Mills Bridge and the Seville Bridge. Those two bridges—only the Seville still stands—are mostly steel but may include some iron construction due to their age. The bottom chords of the bridges range from 140 ft to 200 ft and the width averages 16 ft. In their massing, each bridge displays the lightness characteristic to metal bridges of the time period, although the later bridges began to exhibit characteristics more associated with modern steel truss bridges.</p><br>
<h3>Destruction</h3><br>
<p>The Elrod Bridge was completely destroyed by an F-4 tornado that moved through Fulton county during a 1995 tornado outbreak.</p><br>
<h3>Significance</h3><br>
<p>Together, the nine steel truss bridges stood out because of their proximity to each other within Fulton County. Indeed, they also held historical significance for their age and as examples of early steel truss bridge construction; but it is rare to find such a concentrated collection of so clearly related sites. When they were nominated for the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, before some were destroyed, they were the subject of local tours by canoe and road.</p><br>
<p>The Holyoke Canal System is a system of power canals in Holyoke, Massachusetts. It is split into three canals based on elevation and distance from the inlet at the Holyoke Dam- the First Level Canal, Second Level Canal, and Third Level Canal. Constructed over a period between 1847 and 1892, the Canal System, along with the Dam, is recognized as a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for its use in the development of the Venturi meter by Clemens Herschel, the first means of measuring large-scale flows, and the McCormick-Holyoke Turbine by John B. McCormick, which doubled the efficiency of turbines to more than 80% in its time.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest predecessor to Holyokes canals dates to 1827, when the Hadley Falls Company was established to manufacture cotton cloth. Its water-powered looms were fed from a wing dam along the Connecticut Rivers Great Rapids.</p><br>
<p>Todays canals began in 1848, after river measurements indicated an available water power of 6,000 cuft/s, the equivalent of 30,000 hp, or enough to power 450 mills. That year the company was reconstituted, with a capital stock of $4,000,000, to create a new manufacturing center based on local river power. Over the next 10 years it would build the areas dam and canal system, lay out industrial, commercial, and residential areas on its 1,100 acre of land, and construct and operate two cotton mills and a factory making textile machinery.</p><br>
<p>In 1848 the first timber crib dam, about 1,000 ft in length, was constructed across the Connecticut River to divert water into the canals. It failed within hours, and was replaced by a second timber dam, which in turn was replaced in 1900 by a granite-faced dam about 150 ft downstream from its predecessor. The early canals were dug by men with picks and shovels, together with horse-drawn teams. Canal construction continued on and off until 1892.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, after the company had failed and had passed into receivership, Alfred Smith purchased at auction its hydraulic system, consisting of the dam, its gate houses, and 2.5 mi of power canals with a boat lock; some 1,100 acre of land in Holyoke containing mills and other buildings; and the public water supply reservoir and gas plant, each with a distribution system. He formed the Holyoke Water Power Company and sold stock to investors. Over the next 30 years the company flourished, as a number of large mills were built in the area. Energy was transmitted from the waterwheels to mills via a distribution system of gears, shafts, pulleys, and belts. The canals first produced municipal electricity on October 14, 1884, from an electric generator connected to a water wheel–driven shafting in an industrial building. In 1888 this was replaced by a combination hydro and steam electric power plant on the First Level Canal.</p><br>
<p>Today the canal system is owned by the City of Holyoke and operated by its municipal Gas and Electric Department which bought out the assets of Holyoke Water Power in December 2001. As early as 1995, plans were proposed to create a "canal walk" as part of a "necklace park plan." Styled after the Emerald Necklace, this proposal called for linking Olmsted-designed parks to the Canal District, parks already along the canal, and the historical downtown. By 2015, the Massachusetts Department of Transportation completed a new phase of sidewalk construction alongside the canals, opening the Canal Walk that linked the downtown to the then-new Holyoke station. The canals are drained twice every year, in the spring and fall, to allow for maintenance.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Today&#39;s canal system is 4.5 mi in length on three levels. The canals are now used for electrical power generation as the water descends level by level to the river.</p><br>
<p>The First Level Canal contains 12 large gates regulating water coming into the system, each 15 ft long by 9 ft wide, and weighing more than four tons, and two smaller gates at 11 ft by 4.5 ft, all powered by a water wheel. At its origin the canal is 140 ft wide with 22 ft of water depth. It extends eastward about a thousand feet and then sweeps south for more than one mile (1.6 km) to supply the upper tier of mills.</p><br>
<p>The Second Level Canal runs parallel to the First but about 400 ft east. It begins at its south end, and runs north for over a mile. For its first 2,000 ft, it is 140 ft wide, then gradually narrows to 100 ft. Its average water depth is 15 ft.</p><br>
<p>The Third Level Canal begins at the south end of the Second Level, but some 12 ft lower, and extends 3,550 ft. It is about 100 ft wide and 10 ft deep, with an average height above the river varying between 23-28 ft.</p><br>
<h3>Bridges</h3><br>
<p>Throughout the three canals there are 28 bridges carrying cars, pedestrians, and parts of the former Holyoke & Westfield Railroad, today operated by the Pioneer Valley Railroad. Of these, in total 21 remain operable. Five single lane bridges, all on the Third Canal, are closed, with one similar remaining in operation at Gatehouse Road. The oldest bridge in the system is the stone deck arch bridge, built in 1894, at the intersections of Cabot and Canal Street. Five rail bridges remain operable, including three trusses, along with one defunct deck bridge and another converted into a pedestrian bridge for the Canal Walk. At least two pedestrian bridges, one by Hadley Thread Mill and another by Holyoke Die Cut Card remain closed; another one pedestrian bridge at the corner of Oliver St was demolished in the latter half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Cleaves House is a historic house on South High Street in Bridgton, Maine, United States. Built in 1828, it is a well-preserved late example of Federal period architecture, and is most notable for the murals drawn on its walls, probably by the itinerant artist Rufus Porter. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Cleaves House is located on the west side of South High Street, between Bridgton Hospital and Tuttle Lane. It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side-gable roof, two interior chimneys, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. Its main facade is symmetrical, with a center entrance flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a segmental louvered fan. A hip-roofed porch extends across the southern facade, and a telescoping series of ells extend from the rear of the main block to join it to a large barn. The house interior has a narrow central hall with winding staircase, and parlor rooms in front to either side. Both the hall and the northeast parlor walls have painted murals, depicting country and coastal scenes.</p><br>
<p>The house is believed to have been built about 1828 for Benjamin Cleaves, a local tinsmith. It is a well-preserved late example of Federal period architecture, a form of which Bridgton only has a few examples. The murals on its walls are attributed to Rufus Porter, and are believed to have been painted between 1830 and 1835. The subject material and form of the murals is stylistically with guidelines published by Porter in his 1825 publication Curious Arts, and uses a more bold color palette than his earlier work.</p><br>
<p>The Bridgton Public Library, formerly the Dalton Holmes Davis Memorial Library, is the public library of Bridgton, Maine. It is located at 1 Church Street, in an architecturally distinguished Classical Revival building designed by Harry S. Coombs and built in 1913. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The library is at the corner of Main and Church Streets in Bridgtons village center, and is oriented with its main entrance north, toward Main Street. It is a single-story masonry structure, built out of brick with stone trim elements. It is set on a raised foundation, with a flight of stairs leading to the main entrance, flanked by low parapets on which are mounted original wrought iron lamp posts with globular lights. The entrance is centered on the main facade, with a transom window above that is sheltered by a decorative bracketed hood. This is flanked by projecting pilaster-like brick shafts, with narrow windows set at their centers. The buildings corners have brick quoining, and it is topped by a hip roof. The side elevations have bowed windows, and the rear is taken up by a wide rectangular extension that houses the book stacks. The interior retains original woodwork and fixtures, and is organized with a central librarians desk, reading rooms to either side, and the stacks to the rear.</p><br>
<p>The first libraries in the town of Bridgton were subscription libraries, the oldest documented one dating to 1819. The present Bridgton Library Corporation was established in 1895, and its collection was held in commercial spaces until the present building was built in 1913. It was designed by Lewiston architect Harry S. Coombs, and was the third of four he is known to have designed. The fourth, that for the Wilton Free Public Library, is nearly identical to this one.</p><br>
<h2>Organization and finances</h2><br>
<p>The library is managed by a non-governmental body founded in 1895, and is supported in part by the town. Every July 4, the 4 mile Four on the Fourth Road Race is held to raise funds for the library.</p><br>
<p>Dix Hill is the informal name for a high, rolling expanse of land and national historic district located at Raleigh, North Carolina. The district encompasses 18 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 3 contributing structures. It includes notable examples of Colonial Revival, Bungalow / American Craftsman, and Stick Style / Eastlake movement architecture. The Dorothea Dix Hospital, a historic institution caring for the mentally ill, was located on the site. The hospital buildings were developed between about 1856 and 1940.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Dix Hill is referred to in David Sedariss novel Naked. It also appears in James Hursts short story "The Scarlet Ibis" (first published July 1960 in The Atlantic Monthly).</p><br>
<p>Hay Street United Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church located in Fayetteville, Cumberland County, North Carolina. It was the first Methodist church constructed in the city.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was received into the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1808 by Bishop Francis Asbury and it was completed on June 23, 1835. The current structure was built in 1908, one hundred years after the official organization of the church. It is a brick church with three corner towers in the Late Gothic Revival style. The building is known for its elaborate stained glass windows, which feature the lost art of the "robing glass" technique. Renovations to the structure last took place in 1978, including the installation of a Holkamp Organ.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The church constructed a new Family Life Center which was completed in 2007. The Rev. David Woodhouse currently serves as pastor.</p><br>
<p>The Gibson House Museum is a historic house museum located at 137 Beacon Street in the Back Bay neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It preserves the 1860 Victorian rowhouse occupied by three generations of the Gibson family. The house was one of the first to be built in Back Bay, and has an unparalleled state of preservation that includes wallpaper, textiles, furnishings, and family artifacts and collections. Both the public and service areas of the house exhibit a high degree of preservation, and are viewable on tours. The property was designated a Boston Landmark in 1992 by the Boston Landmarks Commission and a National Historic Landmark in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The widowed Catherine Hammond Gibson purchased the newly filled in land for $3,696 in 1859 in order to move away from Beacon Hill. Edward Clarke Cabot designed the building which was finished by 1860 in the Italian Renaissance style with an exterior of brownstone and red brick. She passed it on to her son Charles Hammond Gibson.</p><br>
<p>Charles married Rosamond Warren in 1871 and brought her to live at number 137. Rosamond was from a very distinguished Boston family and after Catherine&#39;s death in 1888 redecorated the house with Japanese wallpapers.</p><br>
<p>After Charles Hammond Gibson Jr., Catherine Hammond Gibsons grandson, died in 1954, the house became a museum in 1957, and in 2001 was declared a National Historic Landmark. The Gibson Houses landmark status is due to its claim that it is the only Victorian era row house in Boston&#39;s Back Bay to maintain the integral relationship between the exterior architectural shell and the original interior plan, with its accompanying decorative schemes. Its interior is a composite of family furnishings and pieces added to make it more complete.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The museum hosts public tours and programming including lectures and receptions.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, staged a production of The Turn of the Screw on the museum&#39;s before an audience seated in the entrance.</p><br>
<p>To commemorate Charles Hammond Gibson Jr.&#39;s reputation as a Prohibition-era party host, the museum hosts an annual Repeal Day Celebration fundraiser, featuring period cocktails.</p><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>The 1984 Merchant/Ivory film The Bostonians contains scenes filmed in Rosamund Warren Gibson&#39;s, in the red study, and on the landing at the top of the grand staircase.</p><br>
<p>A 2018 promotional film for features scenes of Clara in the museums Music Room and on the.</p><br>
<p>In 2018 director Greta Gerwig filmed scenes in the museum for Little Women. The museum served as the boarding house residence of Jo March, while the museum library was depicted as the office of Jo March&#39;s publisher.</p><br>
<p>Magoffin Home is located in El Paso, Texas. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The surrounding area was declared the Magoffin Historic District on February 19, 1985. The home is now known as the Magoffin Home State Historic Site under the authority of the Texas Historical Commission.</p><br>
<p>The Magoffin Home, built in 1875, is a combination of the local adobe style combined with Greek revival details and is an example of the Territorial style. The thick adobe walls keep the house cool in the summer heat and warm in the winter. The house consists of three wings, each built at a different time, the last being built in the 1880s as the center that connected the two previous wings. There are 19 rooms, 8 fireplaces, and 14 ft ceilings. Members of the family lived in it for 109 years, and many of the original furnishings are still displayed, including a 11.5 ft half-tester bed.</p><br>
<p>Built by pioneer Joseph Magoffin, who lived there with his wife, Octavia (MacGreal) until their deaths. They had two children, James (Jim) and Josephine. James married Anne Buford and had four children, Anne, James, Mary and Jim. After James died in 1913 from appendicitis, Anne continued to care for her father-in-law at the homestead until his death in September, 1923. Josephine married William Jefferson Glasgow, a future Brigadier General in an extravaganza newspapers hailed as the wedding of the century. After the death of Joseph, Josephine inherited the house and James family settled in Los Angeles where Anne lived until her death in 1962. The last member of the family to live in the home was Octavia Magoffin Glasgow, Josephines daughter, who died in 1986.</p><br>
<p>After retiring from the military, the Glasgows returned to El Paso, Texas and remodeled the interior of the home, installing gas heat and electrical service, updating plumbing, and modernizing the kitchen. The remodeling included plastering directly over her mothers Victorian wallpapers and removing the canvas ceilings (mantas). In 1976, the home was sold to the City and State, although Josephs granddaughter, Octavia Magoffin Glasgow, retained lifetime tenancy and continued to live in the home until her death in 1986. In 1977–1978, the house was restored by historic preservationist Eugene George, a professor of the School of Architecture at the University of Texas at Austin.</p><br>
<p>The homestead is located at 1120 Magoffin Ave. in El Paso, Texas and is currently jointly owned by the City of El Paso and the State of Texas. It has been maintained by the Texas Historical Commission since 2007 when authority of that agency was transferred from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department which had overseen the historic site since 1976. There is a historical marker. The Casa Magoffin Companeros (Friends of the Magoffin Home) host several annual events at the home, including kids camps and classes in the summer and a Holiday Open House in December.</p><br>
<p>Tours of the home are available Tuesday through Sunday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. The last tour starts at 4 p.m. Tickets for the tour, as well as unique gifts, may be purchased at the Visitor Center located across the street from the home at 1117 Magoffin Ave.</p><br>
<p>Honey Run Covered Bridge was a wooden covered bridge crossing Butte Creek, in Butte County, northern California in the United States. It was located on Honey Run Road at Centerville Road, about halfway in between Chico and Paradise, until it was destroyed in the Camp Fire on November 8, 2018.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1886 and accepted as completed by the Butte County Board of Supervisors on January 3, 1887, the Honey Run Bridge (originally Carr Hill Bridge) was constructed by the American Bridge and Building Company of San Francisco. George Miller was appointed Superintendent of Construction by Butte County to oversee the project.</p><br>
<p>The three-span wooden bridge was originally built uncovered, as evidenced by the timber trusses of the two original, remaining spans covered with sheet metal on three sides. The cover was added in 1901.</p><br>
<p>Crossing Butte Creek, the Honey Run Bridge was the only surviving example of a three-span timber Pratt-type covered bridge in the United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was open to vehicular traffic until a truck crashed into the eastern span and damaged it in 1965, thus making the bridge virtually impassable. A new steel bridge was built upstream for vehicular traffic.</p><br>
<p>The covered bridge was then used as a pedestrian footbridge, protected within Honey Run Covered Bridge County Park. Local residents raised funds and rebuilt the eastern span from the ruins, and the bridge re-opened in 1972.</p><br>
<p>It was destroyed by the Camp Fire on November 8, 2018. There is a possibility that Historic American Engineering Record documentation of the bridge could be used in its reconstruction.</p><br>
<p>Fort Christian is a Dano-Norwegian-built fort in Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas, USA Virgin Islands. Built 1672-1680, early in the first successful colonial establishment on the island, the fort served as a critical point of defense and government during the entire period of Dano-Norwegian, and later Danish, administration, which ended in 1917 with the sale of the islands to the United States. It currently holds the St. Thomas Museum, which holds artifacts and art of the Dano-Norwegian period. It was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The fort property was the Charlotte Amalie National Historic Site, also known as St. Thomas National Historic Site, which was a USA National Historic Site from December 24, 1960 until February 5, 1975, when it was disbanded and ownership was transferred to Virgin Islands, to be administered as a territorial park. It is a contributing property in the Charlotte Amalie Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Fort Christian is located in central Charlotte Amalie, now separated from its harbor by Veterans Drive. The historical significance of its placement is obscured by the fact that it is now surrounded on its eastern and western flanks by made land; it originally occupied a narrow peninsula that jutted south into the harbor. The fort was a basically square structure with stone curtain walls and diamond-shaped stone bastions at the corners. The north, east, and west sides at one time were further augmented by ravelins, and there was originally a circular stone tower in the center of the fort. Of these structures, only three of the curtain walls and the four bastions remain, along with some living quarters built along the surviving curtain walls. The central tower was torn down in the 19th century, replaced by the present Gothic Revival structure.</p><br>
<p>The first attempt by the Dano-Norwegians to settle Saint Thomas took place in 1665, and failed in part because the colonists were caught between the actors of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, who raided them for supplies. Governor Jørgen Iversen Dyppel led the second expeditionary force from Denmark-Norway to St. Thomas, where he arrived on 25 May 1672; there, he initiated construction of Fort Christian, named after King Christian V. In the 18th century, the fort was expanded and in 1874 a new entrance with a Victorian Clock tower was added. As the oldest standing structure in the USA Virgin Islands, this fort has served as a town center, a government building, and a jail.</p><br>
<p>After being closed for a decade for renovations, the fort reopened in 2017 for the Transfer Day centennial.</p><br>
<p>Ventfort Hall Mansion and Gilded Age Museum is a historic, Jacobean-style mansion and museum located at 104 Walker Street, Lenox, Massachusetts. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Visitors can tour the mansion and learn about the changes that occurred in American life, industry, and society during the late 19th-century period known as the Gilded Age.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1893 for George and Sarah Morgan, sister of J. P. Morgan, to designs by architects Rotch & Tilden. Its exterior is brick with brownstone trim, containing approximately 50 rooms in a total of 28,000 ft&sup2; of living space, including 9 main bedrooms and 10 servant&#39;s bedrooms, 7 bathrooms, and 17 fireplaces. The house was set within a large landscaped garden of 26 acres (since reduced to 11.7 acres).</p><br>
<p>A smaller home was moved off of the property and across the street prior to the construction of Ventfort Hall. This home was owned by the Haggerty family and known as Vent Fort. The colonel of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry and civil war hero, Robert Gould Shaw, spent his brief honeymoon here with his wife, Annie Kneeland Haggerty. After Robert&#39;s death, Annie moved to Europe. She did not return to Vent Fort until her last two summers, when she rented the memory-filled home from the Morgan family.</p><br>
<p>After the Morgans&#39; deaths, the house was rented for several years to Margaret Vanderbilt, then purchased in 1925 by W. Roscoe and Mary Minturn Bonsal who in turn sold the house in 1945, after which it served as a dormitory for Tanglewood music students, a summer hotel, the Fokine Ballet Summer Camp, directed by Christine Fokine, and community housing for the religious organization The Bible Speaks (now known as Greater Grace World Outreach). In 1991, a nursing home developer planned to demolish the building. Over the following years, the house sustained significant damage, the paneling was stripped from the walls, and part of the roof collapsed. In June 1997 it was rescued by the Ventfort Hall Association. The non-profit has been repairing the damage, as well as trying to establish a national museum of the Gilded Age within its walls.</p><br>
<h2>The Cider House Rules</h2><br>
<p>Shortly after the Ventfort Hall Association purchased the house in 1997, the exterior of the building was used as St. Cloud&#39;s Orphanage in the Academy Award-winning 1999 film The Cider House Rules. Long time location managers Charlie Harrington and Mark Fitzgerald photographed the mansion even though director Lasse Hallstrom had specified a wooden structure. Although only the outside of the house was meant to be used in the filming, several scenes were shot on the magnificent staircase in the Great Hall that can be seen in the movie. With this exception, all other interior scenes were filmed in Northampton.</p><br>
<p>The T. Goings Building is a late 19th-century commercial building within the boundaries of the Oregon Commercial Historic District in Oregon, Illinois, USA The building is listed as a contributing structure to the overall integrity of the historic district, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. The building, found on Oregon&#39;s North Fourth Street, is an 1895 example of commercial Italianate style, albeit more muted than the other Italianate buildings in the district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The T. Goings building was constructed in 1895 and is an example of late Italianate architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>As a late example of Italianate the T. Goings Building lacks the elaborate window detailings of the district&#39;s other Italianate structures. Despite this, the building does have elaborate cornices. The wood cornices have brackets set atop brick piers, with finials atop. They are constructed of clapboard with the brackets and organic appliques in between the piers. The storefronts are historic and include some original doors and cast-iron pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The Izaak Walton Inn is a historic inn in Essex, Montana, United States. It was originally built as the Izaak Walton Hotel in 1939 by the Great Northern Railway as a soup kitchen and lodgings for railway workers. The hotel was also originally envisioned as a potential official southern gateway to Glacier National Park, hence its size, but World War II intervened and that plan never materialized. Today, the inn is served by Essex station, the only request stop on Amtrak&#39;s Empire Builder route. A van from the inn meets both the morning eastbound and the evening westbound Empire Builders to convey passengers between the station and the inn.</p><br>
<p>The Tudor Revival-style inn is named after Sir Izaak Walton, the English writer and fisherman. Its location, Essex, was originally named Walton. The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. At Essex, the railway workers asked for some kind of accommodation.</p><br>
<p>The inn has 33 rooms for rent within the inn itself, with some other space available in refurbished cabooses, EMD F45 Diesel Locomotive 441, etc. It has been privately owned since the 1950s. The Izaak Walton Inn is open year-round, except for several weeks during the off-season.</p><br>
<p>In December 2022, the inn was purchased for by Washington-based hospitality company LOGE Camps (pronounced "lodge"), who updated the rooms and cafe. The Inn reopened on September 1st, 2024.</p><br>
<p>Lynn Woods Reservation  is a 2,200 acre municipal forest park located in Lynn, Essex County, Massachusetts. The City of Lynn&#39;s Department of Public Works, Park Commission and Lynn Water & Sewer Commission share jurisdiction and management of Lynn Woods Reservation. The park encompasses nearly one-fifth of the entire land area of the city and represents a significant natural, watershed and public recreational resource in eastern Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The entire portion of the reservation with Lynn city bounds was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 as a historic district. (A small portion of the park is actually in neighboring Saugus.)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The northwestern part of Lynn has long been public land, its southern sections used as pasture land as early as the 18th century. Breeds Pond, at the southern end of the reservation, was dammed for industrial use in the 1840s, and Dungeon Rock became a tourist attraction in the 1850s. Demands for improved water supply (for both consumption and fire suppression) in the 1860s led to organized activities to conserve the woodlands surround Breeds and Walden Ponds. In 1881 the Trustees for the Free Public Forest were established to oversee the area. They were folded into a newly organized Lynn Parks Department in 1889 to manage 1,600 acre of water supply and park land in the reservation; this grew to the current 2,200 acre in 1892. The Happy Valley Golf Course was developed in the 1930s, as was the road and trail network that covers the park.</p><br>
<p>Falling Creek Ironworks was the first iron production facility in North America. It was established by the Virginia Company of London in Henrico Cittie  on Falling Creek near its confluence with the James River. It was short-lived due to an attack by Native Americans in 1622.</p><br>
<p>The long-lost site was rediscovered in the early 21st century. It is now located in Chesterfield County, about 5 mi south of the fall line of the James River at present-day Richmond, Virginia. Archaeological and related research work at the site was ongoing as of March 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The geology of Virginias terrain changes from the sandy coastal plain of the Tidewater Region to the more hilly and rocky Piedmont Region along the north-south Fall Line. At Richmond, the generally west to east flowing James River turns almost due south and essentially flows parallel to and just east of the fall line for about 8 mi, before turning east again near Drewrys Bluff. On the west bank of this section, the Piedmont terrain contained the ore deposits needed to make iron, but was still adjacent to the navigable portion of the James River through the Tidewater Region. A local tributary, Falling Creek, flowed downhill into the James River, providing the water power needed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>The proprietary Virginia Company of London established the first permanent English settlement in the Virginia Colony at Jamestown on May 14, 1607. The young colony struggled for years to develop self-sufficiency and successful exports. During the first five years, most of the colonists died from disease, starvation, and attacks by the Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>After 1612, non-native strains of tobacco were used as a cash crop, and plantations and other outposts from Jamestown spread downstream and up the James River toward the head of navigation (fall line) at present-day Richmond.</p><br>
<h3>First ironworks</h3><br>
<p>Near the confluence of Falling Creek with the James River, the colonists identified the site with the combination of ore deposits, water power, and access to navigable waters for shipping which were needed for their desired iron production facility. Although the outpost was one of the most remote from Jamestown, beginning in 1619, the Falling Creek Ironworks was established there. It was the first iron production facility in North America.</p><br>
<p>Records which have survived indicate that the ironworks was able to produce some quantity of iron. However, from the extant records, it cannot be determined whether the ironworks had begun full production before operations were interrupted by the Indian Massacre of 1622.</p><br>
<p>On March 22, 1622, the Powhatan Confederacy of Native Americans tribes under the leadership of Chief Opechancanough conducted a series of coordinated surprise attacks on almost all the English settlements along the James River. Jamestown was spared only due to a timely warning. The massacre resulted in the death of about a third of the colonists. Two women and three children were among the 27 killed at Falling Creek Ironworks, leaving only two colonists alive, and the facilities were destroyed. Sir Thomas Dale&#39;s progressive development a few miles downstream at Henricus was evacuated as a result.</p><br>
<h3>Subsequent history</h3><br>
<p>On July 21, 1646 George Ludlowe Esqr received 1,452 acre in York Co, that was adjacent to the Falling Creek Mill lands which was in part granted to Martin Baker (Martin Fouquet) as Yorke Plantation by purchase from George Mosso, esquire (esquiem). And which was mortgaged together with an additional 102 acre by Sir John Harve (John Harvey (Virginia governor)) as well as to pay transportation costs for 2 persons (Jean du Fer and his brother Francois, two surviving children of the 1622 massacre) as well as 750 acre to pay for transportation for 15 persons (mill workers): Philip Bowden (Philip Bourdain), John Nerve (Jean Nervais), Henry Davis, John Bernberry (Jean Banbury/VanBerry), Nicholos Iego (Nicholas Legos), Bassett Sax (Basset dSais), Richard Oxon (Richard dHausson/Dawson), Thomas Bacock (Thomas Picot), Mary Fitch, John Fleet (Jean van Fleet), and John Mission (Jean Monceaux/Muscheon), Sara Spittlewood, Richard Colins, Thomas Lewis, John Gerford (Gifford) and William Benton, Robert Caldwell.</p><br>
<p>From 1750 until 1781, Archibald Cary operated a forge there, until it was destroyed, by Benedict Arnold, during the American Revolutionary War. Later attempts to restore the ironworks were unsuccessful, and the exact site itself eventually became lost.</p><br>
<h2>Rediscovery, ongoing work</h2><br>
<p>The exact site of the Falling Creek Ironworks was unknown until relatively recently. According to an article in the Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper on January 20, 2007, the heavy rains in the late summer of 2006 apparently eroded the creek bank and uncovered timbers of the furnace which were part of the structure. Early in 2007, a Chesterfield County Department of Utilities employee, who is also an amateur archaeologist, spotted them. According to the article, "The rest of the furnace is believed to be buried in the creek bank."</p><br>
<p>The location of the ironworks has long been suspected. A number of limited archaeological excavations and surveys were conducted by the Archaeological Society of Virginia, The College of William and Mary, Browning and Associates, LTD., and others. The location of the blast furnace was only confirmed in 1999 when Archaeo-Physics, LLC (working with Browning and Associates) did a comprehensive geophysical survey. A large magnetic anomaly consistent with the fired hearth of a blast furnace was located. In addition a number of other features were identified (probably buildings related to either the Falling Creek Ironworks or Archibald Cary&#39;s 1750-81 Forge).</p><br>
<p>Dubina is a small unincorporated community in Fayette County, Texas, United States. It currently is home to a population of approximately 44 persons, but it was once a thriving community. Dubina was the first Czech settlement in Texas and dates from 1856. It is located 90 miles west of Houston and 104 miles east of San Antonio. Most of the town since 2003 has been designated as the Dubina Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The naming of this settlement as Dubina ("oak grove") goes back to one of the first nights spent by the settlers. As the story goes, the settlers were travelling, looking for a suitable place to settle down when it started raining. They sat down under a very large oak tree for shelter and looked around, realizing how comfortable this place was. They then settled there, giving it what they considered the appropriate name.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, Dubina became a toehold for recently arrived Czech immigrants. The nearby town of Hackberry was for German settlers.</p><br>
<p>Dubina has some historical buildings, the most famous of which is one of Texas&#39; painted churches, Saints Cyril and Methodius.</p><br>
<p>Dilworth is a neighborhood of Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, United States. The neighborhood was Charlottes first streetcar suburb and was established by Edward Dilworth Latta in the 1890s on 250 acres  southwest of the original city limits. It included the Joseph Forsyth Johnson designed Latta Park. Planned largely with a grid pattern similar to the citys original four wards, Dilworth was initially designated the Eighth Ward.</p><br>
<p>Dilworth was born out of the powerful impact that the newly minted streetcar had on Charlottes original four ward neighborhood. The first streetcars were horse-drawn and later mule-drawn. These precursor streetcars and walking were Charlotteans primary mode of transportation which kept development close to Trade and Tryon Streets, Charlottes urban core. The first electric streetcar, Lattas Charlotte Street Railway Company, began operation May 18, 1891, just two days before Dilworth was opened. The original streetcar was replaced just five short years later by Charlotte Electric Railway.</p><br>
<p>Streetcars or trolleys were a popular mode of transportation and made adjacent real estate extremely desirable. The Charlotte Electric Railway trolley became a billboard for the Dilworth community as it prominently displayed "Buy a home in Dilworth for rent money". Trolleys remained critical to Charlottes development until car No. 85, the last to run, ceased operations in March 1938. This car was used for many purposes over the years and was about to be scrapped when it was located by the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Historic Landmarks Commission and meticulously restored as part of a project to bring Trolleys back to Charlotte. Since 1996, Car No. 85 once again proudly shuttles passengers from Southend, a neighborhood to adjacent to Dilworth, to Charlottes urban center.</p><br>
<p>Sedgefield Park serves as a pedestrian connection to bordering Sedgefield.</p><br>
<p>The streets of Dilworth feature stately, mature oak trees, sidewalks, and houses with front porches. The homes are primarily bungalows &mdash; with the occasional Queen Anne &mdash; and some larger, two-story Colonial Revivals lining Dilworth Road East and West. East Boulevard serves as the main thoroughfare through the neighborhood. East Boulevard is lined with restaurants, offices and shops, many located in renovated homes. Charlottes largest hospital, Carolinas Medical Center, is in Dilworth. This 861-bed teaching hospital is the regions only Level 1 trauma center.</p><br>
<p>Much of the neighborhood is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Dilworth Historic District. The district encompasses 1,389 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure. The district was listed in 1987, with a boundary increase in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Chahta Tamaha  served as the capital of the Choctaw Nation from 1863 to 1883 in Indian Territory. The town developed initially around the Armstrong Academy, which was operated by Protestant religious missionaries from 1844 to 1861 to serve Choctaw boys. After the capital was relocated to another town, this community declined.</p><br>
<p>The townsite is located in present-day Bryan County, Oklahoma. In the mid-19th century it had commercial presence. It included a trading post and church. Although the capital had moved, Armstrong Academy was reopened in 1883 to serve only orphaned boys. It was not rebuilt after being destroyed by fire in 1921. Today nothing is left of the town or the Academy. The Armstrong Academy Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding until the Civil War</h3><br>
<p>Armstrong Academy was founded as a school for Choctaw boys in 1844 and was located within the Nation&#39;s Pushmataha District. It was named after William Armstrong, a popular US Indian agent to the Choctaw.</p><br>
<p>The site was selected because it had a fresh water spring with enough current to run a gristmill. A large wood supply was also available.</p><br>
<p>The first classroom buildings and dormitories were built of logs from the area. In the late 1850s a brick building replaced the log building. A two-story brick addition was added later. A trading post, blacksmith and church were established early on, which stimulated development of the community.</p><br>
<p>The school had average attendance of about 65 students, but in 1859 it had about 100 students.</p><br>
<p>"The mission was transferred from the American Indian Mission Association to the Domestic Board of Southern Baptist Convention."</p><br>
<p>The Baptist Missionary Society of Louisville, Kentucky directed activities until 1855. In that year the school was transferred to control of the Cumberland Presbyterian Board of Foreign and Domestic Missions. They directed it until the school closed in 1861 at the outbreak of the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Allen Wright (Choctaw), a Presbyterian missionary and later a chief of the Choctaw, served as principal instructor at the academy during 1855–1856.</p><br>
<p>Armstrong Academy was located in Blue County until 1886. At that time, the area became part of the newly organized Jackson County. Both counties were part of the Choctaw Nation&#39;s Pushmataha District, one of three administrative regions they established after removal to Indian Territory.</p><br>
<h3>As Choctaw capital/Chahta Tamaha</h3><br>
<p>During the Civil War, the academy closed. Part of the building was used by Confederate forces as a hospital. The Choctaw Council, which had allied with the Confederacy, met there in 1863, and the Choctaw capital was transferred to this town during the same year.</p><br>
<p>The United Nations of Indian Territory delegates (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, Choctaw, Seminole, and Caddo) met there with the Confederacy to plan war strategy. The Confederates had promised these tribes to support a state for Native Americans if they won the war.</p><br>
<p>Commercial activities in the town and region increased during that time.</p><br>
<h3>Post-war years and relocation of the Capital</h3><br>
<p>Chahta Tamaha remained the capital of the Choctaw Nation until 1883, when the capital was relocated to Tuskahoma.</p><br>
<p>In that same year the Armstrong Academy was reopened as a school. Admission was limited to orphaned boys.</p><br>
<p>The Armstrong Academy was destroyed by fire in February 1921. The Federal government refused to rebuild it, since the town population had declined markedly after the relocation of the Choctaw nation&#39;s capital. The area reverted to its original state and appears as a deserted pasture. Nothing remains of the town but rubble from the Armstrong Academy. The Armstrong Academy Cemetery is visible.</p><br>
<p>The Leo Petroglyph is a sandstone petroglyph containing 37 images of humans and other animals as well as footprints of each. The petroglyph is located near the small village of Leo, Ohio  and is thought to have been created by the Fort Ancient peoples . The area in which the sandstone petroglyph was found is on the edge of an unglaciated Mississippian sandstone cliff 20–65 ft high. A 20x16 ft slab containing the 37 carvings is protected by a wooden shelter, a Works Progress Administration project. The meanings of the drawings are unknown. On November 10, 1970, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The site is maintained by the Ohio History Connection.</p><br>
<p>The New York Marble Cemetery is a burial ground established in 1830 in what is now the East Village of Manhattan. It occupies the interior of the block bounded by 2nd Street, Second Avenue, 3rd Street, and the Bowery. It is entered through an alleyway with an iron gate at each end, located between 41 and 43 Second Avenue. About 2,100 burials are recorded in the cemetery&#39;s written registers, most from prominent professional and merchant families in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The New York Marble Cemetery, which was New York City&#39;s first non-sectarian burial place, should not be confused with the nearby New York City Marble Cemetery one block east, which is entirely separate, and was established one year later. Both cemeteries were designated New York City landmarks in 1969, and in 1980 both were added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was founded as a commercial undertaking of Perkins Nichols, who hired two lawyers, Anthony Dey and George W. Strong, to serve as organizing trustees. Recent outbreaks of yellow fever led city residents to fear burying their dead in coffins just a few feet below ground, and public health legislation had outlawed earthen burials. Nichols intended to appeal to this market by providing underground vaults for burial.</p><br>
<p>Dey and Strong purchased the property on Nichols&#39;s behalf, on what was then the northern edge of residential development, on July 13, 1830, and Nichols had the 156 underground family vaults, each the size of a small room, constructed from Tuckahoe marble and laid out in a grid of six columns by 26 rows. He was then reimbursed from the sale of the vaults.</p><br>
<p>Access to each pair of barrel vaults is by the removal of a stone slab set well below the grade of the lawn, which has no monuments or markers. Marble tablets mounted in the long north and south walls give the names of the original vault owners – though not the names of burials – and indicate the precise location of each corresponding underground vault. By 1997, parts of the North Wall had collapsed and other portions required steel buttresses. The weakened sections were dismantled and rebuilt to an eight-foot height and the buttresses removed as of November 2018.</p><br>
<p>Nichols, Dey & Strong, and the subscribers applied to the New York State Legislature for a special act of incorporation, and this was granted on February 4, 1831. According to a historical plaque on the cemetery&#39;s entrance gate "Descendants of the 19th century owners may still be buried here."</p><br>
<h2>Visiting</h2><br>
<p>According to the cemetery&#39;s website, it is usually open on the fourth Sunday of the month from April to October, as well as on other weekends during the year. The cemetery grounds are available for rental for appropriate events.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Gurdon Buck, pioneer plastic surgeon</p><br>
<p>Aaron Clark, Whig mayor of New York City from 1837 to 1839</p><br>
<p>Theodore Gordon, angler and sage of the Neversink River</p><br>
<p>Richard K. Haight, prominent merchant, international travel, spread understanding of ancient Egypt</p><br>
<p>John Wheeler Leavitt, prominent merchant, grandfather of artist Cecilia Beaux</p><br>
<p>Pierre Lorillard II, tobacco tycoon</p><br>
<p>Stevens T. Mason, first governor of Michigan, later reinterred in Capitol Park, Detroit</p><br>
<p>David Olyphant, a merchant involved in trade with China</p><br>
<p>Luman Reed American art patron</p><br>
<p>Uriah Scribner, merchant, and Charles Scribner, publisher, later reinterred at Woodlawn</p><br>
<p>James Tallmadge Jr., Congressman (1817–19) and New York University Council President</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Wright, Chief Engineer for the Erie Canal</p><br>
<p>Prominent New York uppertens families such as the Beeckmans, Hones, Hoyts, Quackenbushes, Varicks and Van Zandts have vaults in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Ranck Round Barn is a round barn in Waterloo Township near the Fayette-Wayne County, Indiana county line. It is one of many round barns built in Indiana during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Of the round barns built in eastern Indiana during this period the Ranck Round Barn stands out as one of the most elaborately designed structures. The Thomas Ranck Round Barn was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in January 1983.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1904, the Ranck Round Barn is a large and wood frame barn. It is part of a complex of buildings on the southeast portion of the McDivitt property in Brownsville, Indiana. Erected on a bank with a concrete foundation, the barn is 70 ft in diameter, and is 70 ft tall. The open structure consists of three circular tiers stacked on top of one another. The top section forms a cupola.</p><br>
<p>Isaac McNammee constructed the Ranck Barn in 1904 for Thomas and Nancy Ranck. McNammee built several round barns in the area, and patented his design for a self-supporting conical roof in 1905. The Ranck farm was purchased in 1937 by a local veterinarian and his wife, Ralph and Tena Carmack. In 1945, Emmett and Mary McDivitt purchased the property.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The lower level is made of studs about 2&#39;6" on center. Joists span in various directions to make a platform for the second level. At this level the main drum has studs with rhythmically spaced angle bracing reaching to the upper first roof plate. These braces are paired and spaced and have intermediate stiffening diagonals. Each upper drum rests on a laminated sill/plate, which apparently acts as a tension ring.</p><br>
<p>An earthen ramp slopes up to the main entrance for the upper level on the west side. The doorway is in a projecting bay with a low gambrel roof. It has two sliding wooden doors consisting of three horizontal panels, with diagonally bracing in the top and bottom panels. At grade access is provided on the north side. Another pair of wooden doors once hung from the shed roof overhang, which has been removed. The barn roof is a series of truncated cones. The cupola has a conical cap. The roof is covered in gray asphalt shingles. The overhanging eaves have exposed rafters and fascia. Small windows provide light and ventilation on the main and lower floor. At the loft level, there are small, square, fixed windows around the building. In the cupola, square, louvered vents have replaced the windows, which were the same shape as those at the loft level.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The main level has an earth floor. Divided by wood partitions, the floor serves as a storage area for equipment and supplies. On this level is a one-story wooden corncrib. Two grain bins, 10 by are located in the center.</p><br>
<p>The interior is open to the roof of the cupola. A hayloft extends overs about 1/3 of the main floor. It is supported by paired brackets and diagonal beams placed between the brackets in each pair.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Ranck, or McDiyitt, Round Barn is significant as one of the best-preserved of Indiana&#39;s round barns. This local landmark is essentially unaltered, and has been well maintained over the years. The barn has no system of central support for its three-tier roof, and few structural members more than. 2 ½ inches thick. Its remarkable construction makes it an outstanding example of stick carpentry engineering.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Ranck Round Barn is 70 feet in diameter at its base and stands 70 feet tall. The barn features two rows of clerestories set between round lantern conical roofs which decrease in size with height. The building&#39;s west entrance has a pavilion with a gambrel roof.</p><br>
<p>The Pete French Round Barn, located near Burns, Oregon, United States, is a round barn listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The late 19th century barn was owned and constructed by cattle rancher Peter French; French trained horses there during the winter. The barn was listed on the National Register on September 10, 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This round barn was constructed sometime in the late 1870s or early 1880s. There were originally two&mdash;or possibly three&mdash;in the vicinity, but this is the only round barn remaining. They were used to break horses during the winter. Three hundred to one thousand horses were moved through each year.</p><br>
<p>The Jenkins family donated the site to the state of Oregon in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The interior of the barn consists of a circular rock wall, constructed with local rock and mud, which encloses the central stable area. The remainder of the structure is constructed from lumber that was hauled to the site from 60 mi to the north. The interior is unique in that it is supported by juniper posts. The center area was used as a horse stable; around the outside of the rock wall, there is a covered circular track that was used to exercise horses during winter months. The barn looks much as it did when cattleman Pete French constructed it.</p><br>
<p>Melrose is a rural village in northeastern East Windsor, Connecticut. Centered at the crossroads of Broad Brook Road and Melrose Road, it was settled in the 1700s and developed as an agrarian village center in the 19th century. A landscape of more than 250 acre, including farmland, period farmhouses, ruins of a small distillery, and a district schoolhouse  was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Melrose is located in northeastern East Windsor, a historically agricultural town opposite Windsor on the eastern bank of the Connecticut River. The village is well removed from that river, occupying an area bounded on the west by the Scantic River, on the south by Broad Brook, and on the north and east by the neighboring towns of Enfield and Ellington. The village is today little more than a cluster of homes centered on the junction of Broad Brook Road and Melrose Road, extending mainly to the east and west along Melrose Road. Land use patterns in this area are relatively little changed from the 19th century, with houses set relatively near the road and agricultural lands in strips behind them. The principal non-residential elements of the area are a small cemetery, the 19th-century district schoolhouse (which now houses a small library), and the remains of a small distillery on the banks of Broad Brook at the southern edge of the area.</p><br>
<p>The houses in the district were mostly built in the 19th century, with a number of 20th century intrusions. There are numerous barns and other farm outbuildings in the area, an indicator of its long history of agricultural use. Many of the barns date to the late 19th or early 20th century, but there are a cross-section of older barns as well, illustrating the changing uses of the land over time.</p><br>
<p>Melrose was first settled in the early 18th century, and was known for a time as "Irish Row" for the Scots and Irish who first settled the area. Early agriculture was primarily for subsistence, but tobacco developed as a major cash crop in the 19th century, and remained a significant force in the local economy into the 20th century. The district schoolhouse was erected in 1850, and served the town until 1938, after which it was adapted for use as a library.</p><br>
<p>St. George&#39;s United Methodist Church, located at the corner of 4th and New Streets, in the Old City neighborhood of Philadelphia, is the oldest Methodist church in continuous use in the United States, beginning in 1769. The congregation was founded in 1767, meeting initially in a sail loft on Dock Street, and in 1769 it purchased the shell of a building which had been erected in 1763 by a German Reformed congregation. At this time, Methodists had not yet broken away from the Anglican Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church was not founded until 1784.</p><br>
<p>Richard Allen and Absalom Jones became the first African Americans licensed by the Methodist Church. They were licensed by St. Georges Church in 1784. Three years later, protesting racial segregation in the worship services, Allen led most of the black members out of St. Georges. Allen&#39;s camp founded the Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church and the African Methodist Episcopal denomination, while Jones became an Episcopal priest, founding the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s a court case saved the church from being demolished to make way for the Benjamin Franklin Bridge. The case resulted in the bridge being relocated.</p><br>
<p>St. George&#39;s has experienced many changes during its 249-year history. From 100 members in 1769, the church grew to a peak membership of 3,200 congregants in 1835. The Civil War and industrialization changed the neighborhood; the congregation was reduced to 25 by 1900.</p><br>
<p>Today the church is an active and vibrant Methodist congregation, tracing its roots back to its founding in 1769. The current pastor of St. Georges is Reverend Dr. Bill Wilson. St. Georges is one of the more than 500 churches in the Eastern PA Conference of the United Methodist Church (http://www.epaumc.org/).</p><br>
<p>St. Georges is committed to a theology of love and inclusion, to personal transformation by faith, and to putting Gods love to work in the community – the same core values as the first Methodists who met there. St. George&#39;s is also continuing with the ongoing work of reconciliation with African-American brothers and sisters for the racial injustices of the past.</p><br>
<h2>Early Philadelphia Methodist Society</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1767 and initially met in a sail loft on Dock Street. After meeting at the sail loft for a few years the fledgling Philadelphia Society moved on to their second meeting place which was a “public” house located at 8 Loxley Court, two blocks south of St. George&#39;s. This house was owned by prominent Philadelphian Benjamin Lowley who also owned and lived at the house at 177 South 2nd Street, which had a balcony upon which George Whitefield had famously preached to thousands in years prior.</p><br>
<p>At the Methodist conference in England on August 16, 1768, Methodist founder John Wesley had presented the idea of sending preachers to America. At the conference the following year in Leeds on August 1–4, 1769, Joseph Pilmore and Richard Boardman volunteered to go to America to assist the Methodist societies already forming there and to build upon the years of work done by George Whitefield and others in the Great Awakening.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Pilmore and Richard Boardman volunteered to preach to the fledgling Methodist movement in the new world colonies. Pilmore and Boardman arrived in Philadelphia October 21, 1769. Boardman then moved on to New York to establish a base there and Pilmore stayed in Philadelphia. They then traded places every four months after that.</p><br>
<p>In Philadelphia Pilmore and Boardman were welcomed by John Hood and Lambert Wilmer of the Philadelphia Society and soon after they met fellow Methodist preachers Robert Williams and the charismatic Captain Thomas Webb. The society grew rapidly under the guidance of the popular Pilmore and they were soon ready for a new meeting place to accommodate their growing numbers.</p><br>
<h2>Purchase of the building and grounds</h2><br>
<p>On Thursday, November 23, 1769 Joseph Pilmore wrote in his journal:</p><br>
<p>The building was purchased for 650 pounds by Miles Pennington, a member of the Philadelphia Methodist Society. On the day of the purchase, the Methodists took possession of the building and began worshiping there, which continues to this day. On Friday, November 24, 1769, the day after the purchase, Pilmore dedicated the unfinished building with a sermon to 100 worshipers upon the text, "Who are thou, O great mountain? Before Zerubbabel thou shalt become a plain, and he shall bring forth the headstone thereof with shoutings, crying grace, grace upon it." (Zechariah 4:7 KJV)</p><br>
<p>The purchase price did not include the grounds, which were owned by a Dr. Shippen, which was rented to the Society at 70 pounds sterling annually, redeemable within ten years by the payment of 400 pounds. In late 1782 Francis Asbury began an effort to pay off the rest of the grounds and accomplished this task by June 25, 1802.</p><br>
<p>The corner stone of the building is dated 1763. The building was "a mere shell" when purchased with no paint, plaster, or interior finishing. It originally stood about two feet above the street and took several steps to enter. The construction of the interior developed slowly over the next several years, in 1784 the walls were plastered, and in 1790 the church was floored with more comfortable seats installed. The galleries were built in 1792.</p><br>
<p>In 1800 a portico was built for the front door. In 1836 the shallow cellar was excavated to allow a vestibule and a room below for a Sunday School, the portico was removed and the center window above the front door was inserted.</p><br>
<h2>Francis Asbury and The First American Conference</h2><br>
<p>Francis Asbury, later one of the first two bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church, arrived in America on October 27, 1771 after a fifty-three-day ocean voyage from England and received at St. Georges. Asbury wrote in his journal, "...we were brought in the evening to a large church, where we met a considerable congregation. Mr. Pilmore preached. The people looked on us with pleasure, hardly knowing how to show their love sufficiently, bidding us welcome with fervent affection, and receiving us as the angels of God." Asbury preached for the first time at St. Georges the next day, his first American sermon out of approximately 16,500 that he preached over 270,000 miles of traveling back and forth across the colonies. He served St. Georges as pastor but also spent a great deal of time traveling around the colonies. Asbury worked tirelessly to bring Methodism to the new American nation as one of its leading itinerant ministers, traveling 270,000 miles on horseback and ordaining more than 4,000 ministers over the course of 45 years. The first conference at which Asbury presided in Philadelphia was held at St. Georges on September 22–26, 1788.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 1773 Thomas Rankin, who had been appointed by Methodist founder John Wesley as superintendent of the American Methodists, called the first American Methodist conference. Asbury and Rankin did not have a good relationship and at this conference Asbury was appointed to Baltimore. Maryland was an important bastion of Methodism at the time with 500 of its 1,600 members in that colony. Rankin then had a series of appointments to New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.</p><br>
<h2>American Revolution</h2><br>
<p>The outbreak of the American Revolution signaled the beginning of a difficult time for the fledgling American Methodist Church. Church founder John Wesley spoke out against the colonial uprising and lost a great deal of influence in the colonies. Asbury declined to take the loyalty oath to the new revolutionary government and was fined. During a 20-month period during the revolution, Asbury retired at the home of Methodist Judge Thomas White near Dover, Delaware. With the colonies in disarray due to the impacts of war and the accompanying social upheaval, Asbury convened a conference of the northern preachers and virtually assumed control of the American Methodist societies.</p><br>
<p>In 1776 the Revolution was erupting across the colonies. Thomas Rankin had a premonition about the battle of Long Island Battle of Long Island. John Wesley had written "A Calm Address to the American Colonists", which created antipathy towards the Methodists by supporters of the revolution. Francis Asbury was harassed on several occasions, including being fined for preaching near Baltimore and once have his Chaise shot through, after which he went into hiding. Methodists were imprisoned and beaten for not supporting the rebellion.</p><br>
<p>In 1777, while the British army occupied Philadelphia, St. Georges was occupied for a time as a hospital and then as a riding school for the cavalry. During this time the St. Georges community worship at First Baptist Church on Front Street. For years after the war was over British military implements lay around the building. After the war the membership was reorganized with 50 people and Freeborn Garretson was appointed as preacher. The British army left the building in worse shape than they found it and following the war the church members began to build up the church, installing floorboards, seats, and a pulpit. The church was plastered in 1784. The galleries were added in 1790.</p><br>
<p>During the revolution a controversy had erupted over the issue of the American Methodists being required to receive ordinances and communion from Church of England clergy. This eventually let to the complete separation of the American Methodists from Wesley and Great Britain and the organization of a separate independent church. Wesley recognized the situation and sent Dr. Thomas Coke to America to consecrate Asbury as American church superintendent but Asbury refused until the office until he received the unanimous election of the preachers. This led to the assembling of the Christmas Conference in Baltimore from December 24, 1784 – January 3, 1785. At this conference Asbury and Coke were both elected as Superintendents, a title that was later changed to Bishop.</p><br>
<h2>African Methodist Episcopal split</h2><br>
<p>Early Methodists advocated on behalf of the marginalized black members of their society, both slaves and freed people. John Wesley, just six days before his death and after reading the testimony of former slave Gustavus Vassa wrote a letter to William Wilberforce in an unsuccessful attempt to pass abolition legislation that stated: "I see not how you can go through your glorious enterprise in opposing that execrable villainy, which is the scandal of religion, of England, and of human nature." Joseph Pilmore openly accepted and administered to the black community in Philadelphia and elsewhere in his ministry.</p><br>
<p>St. George&#39;s licensed Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, the first black lay preachers in Methodism in 1784. Born a slave, Richard Allen purchased his freedom two years later in 1786, he then organized a "class" with 42 people, becoming its leader. In 1799 Allen was ordained by Asbury.</p><br>
<p>The successful outreach of Allen and Jones drew a large community of black worshipers to the congregation. However, racial tensions flared, most notably in a seating policy segregating black members into a newly constructed upstairs gallery, without notification. The next Sunday in 1787, white ushers attempted to forcibly drag a black member of the church, Absolem Jones, to a different pew. They were unsuccessful in removing him, but Allen, Jones, and the other black worshipers walked out of St. George&#39;s in a body at the end of the service and refused to return. This led to the formation of the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, with Jones as the first pastor, and Mother Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, with Allen as its first pastor, and eventually to the formation of the AME denomination.</p><br>
<p>On October 25, 2009, "The Great Gathering" took place at St. Georges in which the community of Mother Bethel AME and St. Georges congregations gathered for Sunday worship at St. George&#39;s for the first time since the historic walkout. The Rev. Dr. Mark Kelly Tyler preached for this service.</p><br>
<h2>Church name</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed to be a German Reform Church called “Georg Kirchen” in honor of the then reigning King George III of Great Britain. At first the Methodists referred to it as “our new meeting house”, but most likely at Pilmores suggestion the name was changed to St. Georges after the patron Saint of England, who was martyred in the Diocletian Persecution in the year 303.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>1769</p><br>
<p>October 7 - First Methodist Hymnal published in America; printed at St. George&#39;s</p><br>
<p>November 24 - Joseph Pilmore conducts and preaches The Dedication Service and first sermon in this building. St. George&#39;s has been in continuous service to God and Methodism ever since.</p><br>
<p>December 3 - Pilmore delivers the rules, statement of faith and principles for American Methodists for the first time.</p><br>
<p>December 8 - The first formal Intercession or Prayer Meeting organized by American Methodists.</p><br>
<p>1770</p><br>
<p>March 23 - First Love Feast for Methodists conducted by Pilmore (see cups below)</p><br>
<p>November 1- America&#39;s first Watch Night Service</p><br>
<p>December 31- First New Years Eve Watch Night Service in St. Georges, possibly America&#39;s first.</p><br>
<p>1771</p><br>
<p>October 28- Francis Asbury preaches his first American sermon at St. George&#39;s</p><br>
<p>1773</p><br>
<p>July 14 - First Conference of American Methodism takes place at St. George&#39;s; also the second (May 25, 1774 and third, May 17, 1775)</p><br>
<p>1775</p><br>
<p>Thomas Rankin records that many members of the Continental Congress, including George Washington, John Adams and Benjamin Franklin; and other prominent Philadelphians, such as Betsy Ross and Dolly Madison, came to St. Georges to worship. John Adams wrote home to his wife, Abigail, that he enjoyed attending St. Georges because he was able "to worship with the ladies." Betsy Ross was a member of St. George&#39;s after she married outside of the Quaker faith in 1773.</p><br>
<p>1776</p><br>
<p>Robert Morris, banker & merchant, attended St. Georges New Years Eve Watch Night Service and goes forth the next morning to successfully raise funds for Washington&#39;s army.</p><br>
<p>1784</p><br>
<p>November 7 - At St. Georges, Dr. Thomas Coke presents Wesleys plan for the government of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America to the public for the first time.</p><br>
<p>1785</p><br>
<p>St. George&#39;s licensed Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, the first African American Lay Preachers of Methodism. Their successful evangelistic leadership drew a large community of African Americans to the church. As a result, racial tensions flared and after a time a progressively segregated seating policy for blacks brought Allen and Jones to lead the African congregation in a historic walkout leading to the formation of the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas and Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>1789</p><br>
<p>August 17 - Rev. John Dickins opens the first Methodist Bookstore at St. George&#39;s, laying the foundation for the Methodist Publishing House and the current Cokesbury Book Stores.</p><br>
<p>1791</p><br>
<p>Participated in organizing the first Interdenominational Sunday School Association.</p><br>
<p>1794</p><br>
<p>November - Officially recognized the African Zoar M.E. Church, led by Harry Hosier.</p><br>
<p>1851</p><br>
<p>November - “The Philadelphia Movement” was organized, which contributed significantly to the present day Lay Activities of the UMC.</p><br>
<p>1863</p><br>
<p>Robert Henry Pattison served as St. Georges pastor in the midst of the Civil War. His son, Robert E. Pattison, a life-long member of St. Georges, was elected Pennsylvania&#39;s 20th governor.</p><br>
<p>1952</p><br>
<p>June 17 - Birthplace of the Northeastern Jurisdictional Board of Lay Activities.</p><br>
<p>1959</p><br>
<p>June 23 - President Dwight Eisenhower signs into law P.L. 86-54, 16 USAC. § 407m-1, which incorporates St. George&#39;s into Independence National Historical Park. The Federal Government acquired and demolished the building on New Street adjacent to the Church for fire prevention purposes in exchange for the Church to be maintained as it existed in colonial times.</p><br>
<p>November, 24 - First St. Georges Banquet, honoring service in the building of our Lords kingdom.</p><br>
<p>1971</p><br>
<p>March 29 - St. George&#39;s placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>1976</p><br>
<p>July 4 - Dr. Norman Vincent Peale, renowned author and pastor of Marble Collegiate Church, leads St. George&#39;s Bicentennial Services.</p><br>
<p>1979</p><br>
<p>December 31 - St. Georges resumes Robert Morris custom of a New Years Eves Watch Night Service in prayer of a national crisis, which was the Iranian Hostage crisis.</p><br>
<p>1985</p><br>
<p>January 20 - President Ronald Reagan resumes the Presidential Inaugural Prayer that Bishop Asbury and President Washington initiated by exchanging prayers with St. George&#39;s Pastor Dr. Robert Lord Curry. President George H.W. Bush (1989) and George W. Bush (2005) continue the custom.</p><br>
<p>March 10 - Cardinal John Krol becomes the first Roman Catholic prelate to speak from the Asbury Pulpit in a memorial service for Bishop Fred Pierce Corson.</p><br>
<p>1986</p><br>
<p>December 7 - St. Georges hosts the Nations observation of the 250th anniversary of the establishment of the fire service (Benj. Franklin&#39;s organization of the Union Fire Co.).</p><br>
<p>1991</p><br>
<p>July 10 - USA Rep. Thomas Foglietta rises in the House to recognize the retirement of St. Georges 140th pastor, Robert Lord Curry, who served from 1972 to June 30, 1991, acknowledging Dr. Currys contribution to the preservation of all of Philadelphia&#39;s historic churches.</p><br>
<p>1993</p><br>
<p>January 20 - Ecumenical gathering of Philadelphia clergy at St. Georges, where white clergy repented of the sin of racism in marginalizing Mother Bethel AMEs founders before the black clergy of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>2009</p><br>
<p>October 25 - “The Great Gathering”: Mother Bethel AME and St. Georges congregations gather for Sunday worship at St. Georges for the second time since the historic walkout of 1787.</p><br>
<p>2019</p><br>
<p>November 24 - UMC President Bishop Thomas J. Bickerton, joined by EPC Bishop Peggy Johnson and renowned Methodist historian and former St. Georges Pastor Alfred Fred Day III and current pastor Mark I. Salvacion, Esq., in St. Georges 250th-anniversary service. Afterward, PA State Rep. Mary Isaacson and Philadelphia City Councilman Mark Squilla recognized St. George&#39;s two longest-serving members, Dr. Frank Renshaw (1974) and Hon. Peter J. Wirs (1977).</p><br>
<p>The University of Illinois Experimental Dairy Farm Historic District, also known as South Farm, is a designated historic district in the USA state of Illinois. It is located on the campus of the University of Illinois in Urbana, Illinois. The district consists of eight contributing structures and several non-contributing structures. The district was designated in 1994 when it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Multiple Property Submission concerning Round Barns in Illinois. Three of the district&#39;s buildings are early 20th century round barns constructed between 1908 and 1912.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Agricultural Experiment Station at the University of Illinois (U of I) was formed in 1888, one year after the Hatch Act provided federal funds. After its initial establishment U of I&#39;s College of Agriculture began to grow and it was divided into three distinct components: classroom instruction at U of I, the Agricultural Experiment Station, and a statewide extension service. In 1899 Eugene Davenport replaced George E. Morrow as Dean of the College of Agriculture, and Davenport immediately reorganized the college into four departments: agronomy, animal husbandry, dairy husbandry, and horticulture. The Experiment Station was originally established to "administer research activities within the College." The Department of Dairy Husbandry, seeking to increase milk productivity by promoting efficiency, prompted the Experiment Station to construct the Experimental Dairy Farm at an area known as South Farms. The layout and design incorporated three round barns. Experimental Dairy Farms, in general, were receiving broad support as a way to combat problems within dairy farming.</p><br>
<p>The three round barns in the historic district were the inspiration of Wilbur J. Fraser. Fraser was the first head of the Department of Dairy Husbandry from 1902 - 1913. He was also a strong advocate of the round barn which he said offered the "economy of consideration, low maintenance, and labor efficiency." Fraser asserted that round barns had a better ability to withstand Midwest windstorms as well. Fraser became the first Chief of Dairy Husbandry at the Agricultural Experiment Station in 1908. His colleague, H.C. Crouch, left New England at the same time to accept the position of manager at the U of I Experimental Dairy Farm. Fraser spent the summer of 1908 in Europe, visiting the Great Britain, the Netherlands and Denmark. While there, he took opportunity to learn techniques from local farmers which inspired his push for "efficiency" upon his return to the States. Fraser and Crouch led the promotion of round barn design in Illinois because they believed the very design of the round barn promoted the scientific principles of agriculture as well as a common sense approach to dairy farming.</p><br>
<p>One barn was erected in 1907-08, a second in 1910 or 1912, and the third c. 1912 or 1913, sources vary as to exact dates. The University of Illinois was then, and still is today, home to an Agricultural Experiment Station, these stations, located at universities throughout the United States were at the forefront of round barn promotion. The barns at the University of Illinois were instrumental in round barn era. In Illinois, at least one round barn was built with direct inspiration from the U of I round barns.</p><br>
<p>The facilities at the University of Illinois Experimental Dairy Farm were replaced by larger confines in 1960, though the area was maintained. When the district was nominated for inclusion on the National Register in 1994 the round barns at the site were still being used for small herd dairy experiments and housed cattle.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>The area that encompasses the district is set upon a ridge top and has been popularly known as South Farms. On the north the area is bordered by St. Mary&#39;s Road, a fence to the south and west and a treeline on the east side. The area to the north of the district buildings is pasture dotted with a few a university buildings. Open land is found to the east of the district. A variety of plant life surrounds the site as well. The district area is known as South Farms because of its historic location to the south of the main University of Illinois campus along a ridgeline in southern Urbana, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Many of the smaller outbuildings included in the historic district have no particular architectural style. The main structures in the district, the three round barns and the Managers House, however, all have distinct architectural design elements from classifications within their unique structure types. The Managers House combines elements from Tudor Revival and American Craftsman architecture. While the barns are not of a style, per se, they do represent a design movement within American agriculture. The movement that popularized round barns was in part, due to the promotion of the design by the university and its round barns.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>While the property information report from the state of Illinois asserts that there are eight contributing structures, the actual original nomination form lists eight total structures with only five contributing: a storage building, the three round barns, and the Managers House. Three other structures detailed on the nomination are listed as non-contributing: the "Cow Shed," the Dairy Laboratory, and the 1950s era garage for the Managers House.</p><br>
<p>Over time, the historic district has lost three structures. One, a silo southwest of Barn #3, was extant as late as 1950. A second was a small, gable-roofed structure which resembled a shed or similar outbuilding. That structure was east of Barn #3. The final lost building was between Barns #2 and #3, along an east-west orientation. Historic photographs show the building was a small, residential structure with human-scaled doorways, which may have been a laboratory of some sort.</p><br>
<h3>Manager&#39;s House</h3><br>
<p>This 1908 residential building combines elements from Tudor Revival and American Craftsman architectural styles. The square plan, two-story structure has a full basement and a brick and stucco foundation.</p><br>
<h3>Round Barns</h3><br>
<p>The round barns at the University of Illinois played a special role in the promotion and popularity of the American round barn. The University of Illinois was home to one of the Agricultural Experiment Stations at USA universities which were at the heart of the promotion of the round barn. At least one round barn in Illinois was built specifically after its owner viewed the barns at the university. Though originally an experiment the three barns helped to lead the way for round barn construction throughout the Midwest, particularly in Illinois.</p><br>
<h3>Storage building</h3><br>
<p>The pre-1934 Storage building is a rectangular, one story structure on a concrete foundation. It has a gabled roof and wood siding, when the district was nominated in 1994 the storage building&#39;s gabled roof had asbestos shingles. The interior of the building is open, its walls and ceilings are plywood and it has a concrete floor.</p><br>
<h3>Non-contributing</h3><br>
<p>Of the eight structures on site as of 2007, three are non-contributing to the historical integrity of the small historic district. Two are one-story rectangular buildings: the 1951 Garage and the post-1950 Cow Shed. The third is the 1956 Dairy Laboratory, a one-story "L" plan building.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The University of Illinois Experimental Dairy Farm was established as a National Register of Historic Places historic district on February 4, 1994. The nomination form to the National Register of Historic Places was dated December 22, 1993 and completed by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency (IHPA). The IHPA noted the district&#39;s significance under the National Register inclusion criteria for architecture and "significant people." The round barns were built to promote the scientific pursuit of dairy farming; they had an impact, in some cases prompting farmers to construct their own round barns.</p><br>
<p>Frank B. Cooper Elementary School, usually called Cooper School, serves students from kindergarten through 5th grade. Located in the Pigeon Point neighborhood of Delridge, Seattle, Washington, it is part of the Seattle Public Schools district. The schools 14 acre site is immediately adjacent to the 182 acre West Duwamish Greenbelt, one of Seattles largest wildlife habitat corridors. This rich natural environment enhances the school&#39;s environmental education program.</p><br>
<p>While the current building, located at 1901 SW Genesee Street, was opened in 1999, Cooper School enjoys a long history in the community, dating back to 1906, when a group of 70 students, children of steel mill workers, attended classes at Youngstown School in a small building offered by the Seattle Steel Company. A year later, a wooden building—known as Riverside School—was built for the school at the base of Pigeon Hill. As the population of the community grew, the wooden structure was replaced by a brick building 1917, which was designed by Edgar Blair, with a 1929 expansion designed by Floyd Naramore. In 1939, the school was renamed to honor Frank B. Cooper, a former Seattle school superintendent. The historic Youngstown School building, located at 4408 Delridge Way SW, now houses the Cooper Artist Housing and Youngstown Cultural Arts Center. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>One of the school&#39;s assets is its diversity. Approximately 80 percent of Cooper students are racial or ethnic minorities and approximately one-quarter are bilingual.</p><br>
<p>The first African American teacher hired to teach in Seattle Public Schools, Thelma Dewitty, worked at Cooper School from 1947 until 1953. The Thelma DeWitty Theater at the Youngstown Cultural Arts Center is named after her.</p><br>
<p>On Thursday January 29, 2009 the Seattle School Board voted to close Cooper Elementary School and move the Pathfinder K-8 program to the Cooper campus.</p><br>
<p>Elrod Bridge was one of nine metal highway bridges in Fulton County, Illinois once listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was listed from 1980 until 1995.</p><br>
<p>Elrod was one of the six bridges that have been demolished out of nine similar bridges in the county. This particular one was over the Spoon River near Smithfield, Illinois, on Township Road 248 in Bernadotte Township. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1980, along with the eight other bridges, as one of the "Metal Highway Bridges of Fulton County". The bridge was one of four near Smithfield listed on the Register, the others are the Buckeye Bridge, the Bernadotte Bridge and the Tartar&#39;s Ferry Bridge. Others, such as the Babylon Bend Bridge in Ellisville, are located throughout the county.</p><br>
<p>The Elrod Bridge was removed from the Register in 1995 after its destruction by an F-4 tornado.</p><br>
<p>Albany City Hall is the seat of government of the city of Albany, New York, United States. It houses the office of the mayor, the Common Council chamber, the city and traffic courts, as well as other city services. The present building was designed by Henry Hobson Richardson in the Romanesque style and opened in 1883 at 24 Eagle Street, between Corning Place  and Pine Street. It is a rectangular three-and-a-half-story building with a 202 ft tower at its southwest corner. The tower contains one of the few municipal carillons in the country, dedicated in 1927, with 49 bells.</p><br>
<p>Albanys first city hall was the Stadt Huys (; Dutch for "city hall"); sometimes written Stadt Huis), built by the Dutch at what is now the intersection of Broadway and Hudson Avenue, probably in the 1660s, though possibly earlier. It was probably replaced around 1740 with a larger Stadt Huys. In 1754, it was the site of the Albany Congress, where Benjamin Franklin presented the Albany Plan of Union, the first proposal to unite the British American colonies. After the American Revolution brought independence, Albany was declared the state capital in 1797 and the state legislature met in city hall. In 1809 the Legislature opened the first state capitol and Albanys government moved in with it. Two decades later, the city purchased a plot of land at the eastern end of Washington Avenue, across Eagle Street from the capitol and moved its government into a new city hall designed by Philip Hooker that opened in 1832.</p><br>
<p>In 1880, Hookers building was destroyed by fire and a new design by Richardson was commissioned. The cornerstone was laid by the local Masonic fraternity in 1881; the building was completed and opened two years later. Because of budget restrictions the original interior was simply designed, consisting chiefly of beaded board partitions, and thus not fireproof; it was entirely rebuilt in 1916-18 from designs by Albany architects Ogden & Gander. The city hall remains essentially as altered at that time, and the exterior is considered one of Richardsons finest works. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1972; it is also a contributing property to the Lafayette Park Historic District, listed six years later.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>City Hall occupies the western half of the block with Eagle Street on the west, Lodge Street to the east, and Corning Place and Pine Street on the south and north. The land slopes gently down towards the Hudson River a half-mile (800 m) to the east-southeast, such that the buildings rear foundation is exposed. The small Corning Park buffers the building from the Albany Masonic Temple to the east and some other smaller buildings on the blocks northwest corner. Academy Park is to the northwest, and East Capitol Park to the southwest, with Washington Avenue (New York State Route 5) dividing them before it ends at the intersection with Eagle just in front of City Hall.</p><br>
<p>On all the other sides of the block the surrounding neighborhood is densely developed and urban, with primarily government, institutional and commercial buildings. All, like City Hall, are also contributing properties to the Lafayette Park Historic District, listed on the Register in 1978.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The building is a load-bearing masonry design laid out in a rectangle, with a 202 ft tall, Venetian-style tower, topped by a pyramidal roof, on the southwest corner, and smaller round towers on the northeast and southeast. The nine-by-six-bay main structure is three-and-a-half stories tall. Its exterior walls are rusticated Milford granite with Longmeadow brownstone trim. It is topped with a red tiled cross-gabled roof, hipped on the east-west axis, with a nested gabled projection on either end. On the north side of the cross-gable tall chimneys rise on either side of the main gable; a third, shorter chimney rises from the roofline south of the cross-gable</p><br>
<h4>Main block</h4><br>
<p>On the west (front) elevation, narrowing steps with wrought iron decorative handrails lead up to the main entrance, triply-recessed triple stone rounded archways, with the central one slightly larger. The archways are flanked by smooth stone columns topped by Corinthian capitals. The arches themselves are segmented, with decorative leaf patterns carved onto them. Each entrance has a double wooden door, with brass trimmings, including kick plate, and glass window with iron grille. At the springline is a piece of carved wood; the one on the central entrance is more ornate, just below it the words "City Hall" are set in brass letters on the entablature. Above each is a semicircular glass transom with ornate iron radial muntins, divided at the center by a fluted wooden panel. Affixed to the one on the central entrance is a brass version of the city&#39;s coat of arms and the number 24, in brass.</p><br>
<p>To either side is a two-paned recessed casement window with transom and brownstone surround. On the north side is a recessed triple window with transom, stone-mullioned and round-arched with splayed stones, and a similar brownstone surround rising from the brownstone water table that runs from either side of the main entrance. All first-story windows have flower boxes, planted during the season.</p><br>
<p>On the north profile, fenestration begins on the west with a window with the same treatment as the one just around the corner from it. Below it are two barred rectangular casement windows. East of it, the rest of the facade projects out slightly; two brownstone courses begin at street level at that point. They are interrupted by three paired recessed one-over-one double-hung sash windows, each immediately below a recessed triple narrow one-over-one double-hung sash topped with two casement lights. At street level below the easternmost of these four is a side entrance to the building, wooden double doors with barred upper windows and a lower panel. Next to the upper portion on either side is a decorative stone panel on the facade depicting a carved tree.</p><br>
<p>The east (rear) facade, facing Corning Park, has exclusively double-hung one-over-one sash on the ground floor, with the same treatment but covered with protective metal screening, beginning with a pair at the corner next to the tower. Next to the south is a triple narrow window, followed by two wider ones. Above them, on the first floor, all windows are single versions of the narrow kind seen on the tower, with a wooden panel replacing the lower light. Midway across the facade a small pavilion projects outward with a small metal gate at its northern corner; on its ground floor is a double pair of narrow windows, with a single large one at the south corner. The first story on the pavilion has wider sash windows.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the tower on the ground floor of the south facade are two screen-protected double windows similar to those on the opposite side except for the mullions being recessed as well. Above them, displaced to the east, are a pair of double recessed windows identical to others on the first story but with only one transom. To the west the facade again projects slightly, aligning with the end of the gable atop it. The easternmost bay is taken, only at ground level, with a recessed entryway featuring double wooden paneled doors with barred upper windows identical to those on the opposite side entrance.</p><br>
<p>To the west the ground story has three pairs of screened deeply recessed double-hung one-over-one sash that get progressively shorter as the ground slopes up. They culminate with a similar double-pane casement window at the corner with the smaller of the southwest towers. Above them are three cross-windows, their mullions more decorative engaged round smooth columns with ornate capitals, matched by smaller ones between the upper lights. On the edges of the surrounds, narrow smooth round engaged columns support decorative capitals between the windows. Above the casement window, next to the tower, on this story, is another narrow sash window with transom similar to those seen elsewhere on the building.</p><br>
<p>A projecting stringcourse sets off the second story. Above the entrance is a quadruple-arched loggia opening from the Common Council chambers. Decorative stone balustrades are at the base of each arch; divided by a group of four engaged smooth round stone columns rising from rusticated plinths topped by Corinthian capitals. The arches themselves are formed of one course of segmented brownstone topped by splayed blocks with a decorative cornice along the top and decorative stonework in a leaf pattern at the springline. Behind each arch is a double wooden door with eight square glass panes, divided by a stone mullion and topped by one square glass light and an arched one above, set in a plainer splayed-block arch.</p><br>
<p>On either side of the loggia is a recessed narrow one-over-one double-hung sash with a blind third pane above. A stone course sets off the arched transom above, framed by a splayed block arch. To the north is a similarly treated wider double window, its tympanum painted with an intricate sunburst design. Around the corner, on the north facade, fenestration of the second story begins with a similarly styled window. To its east is a large quadruple window that echoes the loggia, with the same surrounds around groups of three narrow sash windows topped by two separated panes and tripartite transom under the arches.</p><br>
<p>On the east, the third story fenestration starts past the tower with a double version of the triple-hung sash two-transom windows on the tower, going into the fourth story. Next is a narrow single version, with a narrower, smaller version above, then double-hung with the lowest of three transoms on the story above blind, filled with a wooden panel, followed by a tripled version, flanked by a single one and then a pair of narrow windows similar to those on the other side. Triple versions of the narrow triple-hung follow on both stories. On the ell, where the beltcourse is absent, adjacent to the southeast tower are two small double-hung sash, with recessed double casement windows in decorative stonework around the top of the tower itself. It and the ell are topped by a stringcourse and molded-looking cornice.</p><br>
<p>The beltcourse returns on the south facade of the ell, setting off a quadruple version of the narrow double-hung single-upper-light sash, with a splayed block granite mustache in the facade above. Next to the corner of the main block is a single iteration of the same window. On the main block is a triple arched window just like that on the facade opposite.</p><br>
<p>Another, identical beltcourse sets off the third story. On the front it has six narrow double double-hung, with the single light above. The lintels above the main window and the transoms both are decorated to appear dentilled. Above is a stone cornice decorated in a leaf pattern. At the north a small parapet rises, set off by a gargoyle and decorated with a floral pattern that extends below the beltcourse.</p><br>
<p>Five windows stretch across the gable front on the third story of the north facade. All are recessed double-hung sash with two upper lights, wide and single on the sides with three narrower doubles between them. Above is a triple-arched window, smaller than the others two stories below but treated similarly, except for the lack of trim above the arches. The gable is framed by a stone cornice, with decorative floral stonework at the corners and a rounded finial at the apex.</p><br>
<p>The east gable facade has on the lower story two sets of recessed double-hung sash flanked on either side by narrower versions, all three topped by transoms without any stone separator, rising from the upper of two stringcourses. Above them, in the apex, are two small recessed double-hung sash rising from a brownstone beltcourse, with the uppermost adjacent stones widening like a capital but flat and plain on the front. A wider brownstone course tops the windows. The gable has the same treatment as the north face.</p><br>
<p>The south gable face is identical to the one on the north facade opposite in fenestration and treatment. On the west, the top gable pierces the roof above two shingle-cut stone courses. The three central recessed double-hung one-over-one sash rise from a stone cornice in which three pierced quatrefoils have been cut in the stone beneath the windowsills. Two joined engaged Corinthian columns divide the central window from those in its flanks, which are in turn flanked with single versions of the column. All three windows have decorative stonework above the lintel; above them is a course of vertical blocks and a cornice that forms a splayed-block arch above the central window. Its tympanum is blind, decorated with sunburst artwork similar to that found below on the front facade.</p><br>
<p>That pattern also fills the gable apex; on the sides of the windows is a checkerboard pattern. Stone shields are affixed to either side; the one at the south has the city&#39;s coat of arms on it. The gable edge has the same decorative treatment as the other three.</p><br>
<p>On the roof there are several small skylights next to the eastern and northern gable. A larger one is located higher on the east pitch of the northern gable, with two similarly-sized on the south face of the main gable east of the southern cross-gable. Just east of the southwestern chimney is an 18-cell solar cell array; a 27-cell array is on the east of the main gable just below the apex.</p><br>
<h4>Towers</h4><br>
<p>At the northeast corner is an engaged round tower with five bays. Fenestration on the first story is three windows with similar treatment to those on the neighboring north facade, except with two double windows on either side of a triple, and another double where the tower meets the east facade. Below are double-hung one-over-one sash, again like those on the north facade but without the bars, one beneath each double and two beneath the triple. On its third story are a group of three double windows with a single square transom, except for the second where a third transom is located in a dormer front that rises from the molded cornice to pierce the tower&#39;s conical roof. Rounded finials are at the apex and corners of the dormer gable.</p><br>
<p>The southeast tower fenestration consists of small deeply recessed casement windows ascending in a spiral pattern. On its west side is a small porch, with a stone-shingled peaked roof supported by an octagonal smooth stone column with decorative capital. To its east is a blind window in a small upper bay flanked by engaged pilasters similar to the porch column. The porch shelters a wooden paneled door with modern metal handle. setting off a conical shingled stone roof topped on the tower by a rounded finial.</p><br>
<p>The largest tower, the 202 ft southwest tower, is square. At the first story it has three double-hung sash topped with a single light on both faces, in slight vertical recesses that continue up the entire face. Above them are three double-hung one-over-one topped by tympanums filled with the diamond pattern at left and the triangular one in the other two. On the tower&#39;s southeast is a small, narrow round tower with no fenestration save crenellation.</p><br>
<p>Above the second story the main tower is crenellated as well. The smaller tower is topped with a small conical shingled roof, rising to a small finial, above the level of the main block&#39;s lower cross-gable; just below its bracketing are several small windows set in brownstone. Just above that roof is the clock face on all four faces of the tower, with a splayed surround.</p><br>
<p>The upper stage of the tower, above the clock face, is a brownstone belfry. It has three narrow double-crossed openings topped by splayed-block arches rising from a decorative cornice. At the corners grouped smooth round columns with Corinthian capitals support a dentilled cornice. The pyramidal stone shingled roof is topped with a small round finial.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The main entrances open into a lobby with a polished stone floor on which a decorative diamond pattern surrounds the city seal. A gently arched passageway, with arched doorways (including that for the elevator), leads into the building&#39;s central atrium. There the square enclosed diamond pattern on the floor continues, with a small circle in the middle.</p><br>
<p>From both north and south, stairs ascend to the second story and descend to the ground floor. Flat curved arches supported by engaged pillars and topped with molding rise up on three sides to create a triforium. At the second story all have the blank shield design found on the exterior west facade&#39;s fourth-story windows. The staircases and the triforium both have railings of black painted metal with a brass handrail.</p><br>
<p>At the third story a stone balustrade replaces the arches, with some decorative carving on the cornice stone. Another metal railing, with intermittent decorative patterns, runs around the fourth floor, topped by gentle, wide arches. Both are lit by a single fixture on each side hanging from a chain. At the ceiling of the atrium is a cornice with decorative dentils.</p><br>
<p>Most of the rooms in City Hall are the offices of the mayor, city officials and departments. Albanys city council meets in a chamber just inside the loggia on the second storys west facade. Valances hang in the arches of the entryways, separated by two flat square engaged decorated wooden pilasters, just behind the wooden desk, carved with arches on the front echoing those on the wall behind, where the president of the 16-member council sits alongside the mayor and other officials during meetings. The other members sit at desks along the sides.</p><br>
<p>The floor is polished dark hardwood. A metal railing with brass handrail separates public viewing at the rear. The north and south walls are decorated with recessed wooden panels separated by pilasters with the same treatment as those on the west wall. They rise to a plain frieze topped by a decorative wooden cornice at the height of the separation between the upper and lower lights in the loggia windows. Above those lights, in the loggia windows, are recessed wooden panels. Decorative molding sets off a coffered ceiling from which a central chandelier is augmented by two fixtures hanging on chains over the desk at west and upward-pointing spotlights on the walls.</p><br>
<h2>Former city halls</h2><br>
<p>Albany has had multiple buildings dedicated to being the seat of city government through its history; most have been replaced following fires. Historians disagree on details of many of the earlier structures, and when they were built.</p><br>
<h3>Stadt Huys</h3><br>
<p>Albany&#39;s original city hall, the Stadt Huys, may have been built as early as 1635. Evidence from the journals of Wouter van Twiller, Director of New Netherland from 1633 to 1638, suggests that at least some type of punitory building was built on the site during his term. George Howell and Jonathan Tenney, in their book Bi-centennial History of Albany, cite reports from 1646 describing the building as a substantial (at least for its time) three-story structure, with the lower floor built of stone and used as a jail. The Stadt Huys officially became city hall when the Dongan Charter incorporated Albany as a city in 1686. A 1695 engraved map of Albany depicts the Stadt Huys at that location.</p><br>
<p>A new city hall was probably built on the site around 1740; historians at the New York State Museum (NYSM) put its completion date as the following year. The city government, quickly outgrowing the space, was able to secure constructionfunds from the provincial government. This building retained the Dutch name, even though it was new and the English had been in control of New York for more than 75 years. The NYSM describes the new Stadt Huys as a three-story brick structure, adding that it was "more substantial" than its predecessor. The new building was the third-largest in Albany, surpassed only by that era&#39;s local Dutch church and Fort Albany. The roof of the new structure was gabled and topped with a cupola and belfry. Howell and Tenney say the original Stadt Huys was in use for at least 160 years (meaning a replacement structure would not have been needed until 1795 at the earliest), which contradicts with accounts of the new Stadt Huyss construction in the 1740s.</p><br>
<p>In 1754, the Stadt Huys was the site of the Albany Congress where Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania presented the Albany Plan of Union, the first formal proposal to unite the British American colonies. The intent was to defend against aggressions of the French to the north rather than become independent from the British crown. It was never adopted by the British Parliament; later it was seen as an important precursor to the United States Constitution. A month prior to the meeting, Franklin published his Join, or Die political cartoon, a graphical representation of the plan.</p><br>
<p>During the Revolutionary War, City Hall was home to the Albany Committee of Correspondence (the political arm of the local revolutionary movement), which took over operation of city government in 1775 and eventually controlled all of Albany County (at that time the largest county in the colony, extending far past its current borders). Tories and prisoners of war were often held in the building with common criminals. Following the war, city hall was an occasional meeting place of the newly formed New York Legislature, in addition to being home to the city and county governments, jail, courts, and local registry.</p><br>
<p>In 1797 Albany was declared capital of the state and the legislature made City Hall its home until the first state capitol was opened in 1809. In an effort to move public buildings away from the bustling and expanding waterfront, the new capitol was located atop the State Street hill, directly in front of where the current building stands. City surveyor Simeon De Witt, in his 1794 city plan, marks this land as a public square; it had been dedicated for public purposes since the late 17th century. Also included on DeWitt&#39;s map are depictions of City Hall and the new city jail, located at State and Eagle Streets. In 1809, Albany city government moved with the Legislature into the new capitol and remained there until a new city hall was opened in 1832.</p><br>
<h3>1832 city hall</h3><br>
<p>In order to move city and county government out of the state capitol, in 1832 the city bought a plot of land to build on facing the public square opposite the capitol, on Eagle Street at the eastern end of Lion Street (later renamed Washington Avenue) from St. Peters Church for $10,295.95. A design competition for the new City Hall was won by Albany architect Philip Hooker and Boston architect John Kutts. Hooker was charged with integrating components of both architects proposals into one coherent design. The cornerstone was laid by Mayor John Townsend in a Masonic ceremony in 1829. Construction was completed three years later at a cost of about $92,000.</p><br>
<p>The design combined neoclassical and Greek Revival detailing, and was built of white marble quarried by inmates at Sing Sing prison, with an entrance porch supported by six Ionic columns. A large belvedere supported a dome that was later gilded. The principal rooms of the interior continued the monumental detailing of the exterior. A full-length statue of Alexander Hamilton by Robert Ball Hughes stood in the center of the upper hall, between the Court room and the Common Council Chamber. On one side of this hall was a bas-relief of DeWitt Clinton, with a view of a primitive Erie Canal boat in the distance, and on the opposite wall was a similar figure of Sir Walter Scott.</p><br>
<h2>Current city hall</h2><br>
<p>After the fire, Henry Hobson Richardson, then one of a team of architects working on the nearby state capitol, secured the commission for the replacement city hall after a limited competition between six architects and firms. The budget for the new city hall was $185,000; Richardsons design came in just under that. The appointed public committee increased the budget to $204,000 ($) after granite was substituted for brownstone in the design. The new city hall design dates from the period regarded as Richardsons architectural peak. It was similar to others executed in his personal version of the Romanesque style. Architectural historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock described city hall as "one of Richardsons most Romanesque designs" and the buildings NRHP nomination adds that its "banded arches, rhythmic fenestration, bold expression of materials and corner placement of the tower are characteristic features of Richardson&#39;s work often to be repeated by his followers."</p><br>
<p>Except for the bold asymmetrical placement of the tower, a prime example of Richardson&#39;s disregard for architectural correctness known for being one of his best tower designs, the building is noted for its general simplicity and care for small details, especially its intricate carvings.</p><br>
<p>Many elements of the exterior design are representations of interior functionality. Because the Common Council chamber is located on the second floor (above the entrance), that story is the same height as the first-floor entrance hall. The tower is essentially windowless because it was meant to be the city archive; a round staircase extends up the southeast corner of the tower for access. The short tower on the building&#39;s southeast corner was originally meant to be the transition between city hall and the never-built jail, complete with a "bridge of sighs" to transport inmates straight from their cells to courtrooms in city hall.</p><br>
<p>Due to lack of funds at the time (the buildings initial budget doubled, ending up at $325,000 including furnishings), Richardson devoted most of his efforts to the buildings exterior. The Times Union wrote later, "There wasnt enough money for Richardson to do the job as thoroughly as he would have liked. He said in his writing that if there wasnt sufficient money, hed rather do it right on the outside and leave it to a future generation to finish the interior. The interior was finished by city architects a good 30 years after Richardson built it." Those "city architects" were Ogden and Gander who designed the alterations in 1916 that were completed in 1918. The mayors office is on the first floor of the tower, with a painting of the citys first mayor, Pieter Schuyler; the Council chamber and offices are on the buildings second floor, and the city clerk&#39;s office is on the second floor of the tower.</p><br>
<p>Under the leadership of William Gorham Rice, an Albany native who had run for mayor and served in some appointed state positions, in 1927 a carillon was added to the tower; it contained 60 bells (though it produced only 47 different notes, since the top 13 notes each had two bells) made by John Taylor & Co in England. Financed by public donations (from over 25,000 people), it cost $63,000 and was the first municipal carillon in the United States. Six decades later Mayor Thomas Whalen III had it restored, replacing 30 bells, removing the doubles, and adding two notes to its repertoire. The 49 bells weigh 27 ST in total. The largest is 5 ft in diameter and weighs 10,953 lb. The carillon is still in use and is played during concerts several times a week.</p><br>
<p>The clock faces on the tower were added in the 1920s, possibly around the same time as the carillon. An 1897 image of the city hall shows the tower without the clock faces. City Hall was added to the NRHP on September 4, 1972.</p><br>
<p>Wilderstein is a 19th-century Queen-Anne-style country house on the Hudson River in Rhinebeck, Dutchess County, New York, United States. It is a not-for-profit house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Holy Suckley was a wealthy property developer in Manhattan. He was the son of devout Methodist George Suckley and his second wife Catherine Rutsen. George settled in New York City and became agent for the British mercantile establishment that would later become Holy, Newbould, & Suckley. He was well-acquainted with most of the prominent Methodists of the time and active in supporting their ministry.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Suckleys mother Catherine was the daughter of John Rutsen, whose maternal grandfather was Gilbert Livingston, son of Robert Livingston, Lord of Livingston Manor. John Rutsen was a close friend of Catherine Livingston Garrettson, the wife of the notable Methodist preacher, Freeborn Garrettson (1752–1827). In 1799, the Garrettsons purchased 160 acres in Rhinebeck, New York, where they established an estate called Wildercliff, and welcomed many circuit riding Methodist preachers. Frequent visitor Francis Asbury called it "Travelers Rest". Around 1850, the estate passed to their only child, Mary Rutherford Garrettson.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Wilderstein property was originally part of the Wildercliff estate. In August 1852, Thomas Suckley purchased from Mary Garrettson thirty-two acres of river-front property, which until then had served as a sheep meadow for the adjacent Wildercliff estate. (Mary Garrettsons mother Catherine was the granddaughter of Gilbert Livingstons older brother, Robert Livingston of Clermont).</p><br>
<p>Suckley and his wife Catherine Murray Bowne chose the property as a building site for their mansion, because they considered the landscape a good match for their picturesque aesthetic ideal. The name "Wilderstein" ("wild stone" in German) was chosen by Suckley to allude to an American Indian petroglyph found nearby and reflect the site&#39;s</p><br>
<p>historical significance.</p><br>
<p>In total, three generations of the Suckley family inhabited the mansion. The last family member was Daisy Suckley, a cousin of Franklin D. Roosevelt for whom she trained his famous terrier Fala. Daisy Suckley died in the Wilderstein mansion in 1991, six months before her 100th birthday. The mansion is nine miles up-river from FDR&#39;s Hyde Park Home, Springwood.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The mansion commissioned for the site was a plain two-story Italianate villa designed by architect John Warren Ritch of New York. Construction began in December 1852 and completed in the autumn of 1853.</p><br>
<p>In 1888, Thomas Suckley&#39;s son Robert Bowne Suckley and his wife, Elizabeth Philips Montgomery, undertook a remodelling and enlargement of the house. This work was carried out by the architect Arnout Cannon of Poughkeepsie. The style of the mansion was changed to the eclectic Queen Anne style. A third floor, a multi-gabled attic, a circular five-storey tower, a porte-cochère, and a verandah were added in the process. The new interior of the building was designed by Joseph Burr Tiffany, a cousin of Louis Comfort Tiffany. The rooms of ground floor were done in the Aesthetic Movement style using materials such as use mahogany, leather, stained glass, and linen.</p><br>
<p>In parallel to the redesign of the mansion proper, the grounds of the estate were transformed by landscape architect Calvert Vaux according to the American Romantic Landscape style. Vaux&#39;s design comprised the creation of a network of drives and trails, the positioning of specimen trees and ornamental shrubs as well as the placement of an eclectic set of out buildings such as a carriage house, a gate lodge, and a potting shed. Gazebos and garden seats were positioned at carefully chosen vantage points.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Daisy Suckley was instrumental in forming Wilderstein Preservation, a private non-profit organization. She opened the house to the public at Christmas 1984. The society is a recognized charity by the IRS; donations are tax deductible. Although little restoration work was carried out during her lifetime, responsible stewardship is becoming the norm now that concerned parties are supplying funds. For example, the tower was renovated in 1994, the main roof replaced in 1997, the siding on the second and third floor was restored in 2001, repairs on the porte-cochere and the north porch in 2002, and restoration work on the verandah in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The address of the mansion is 330 Morton Road, Rhinebeck, NY 12572, New York. It is a contributing property to the Hudson River Historic District and a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Great Houses of the Hudson River, Michael Middleton Dwyer, editor, with preface by Mark Rockefeller, Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, published in association with Historic Hudson Valley, 2001;.</p><br>
<p>Cynthia Owen Philip, Wilderstein and the Suckleys: A Hudson River Legacy (Rhinebeck, NY: Wilderstein Preservation, 2001).</p><br>
<p>Pieter Estersohn, Life Along the Hudson: The Historic Country Estates of the Livingston Family (New York: Rizzoli, 2018).</p><br>
<p>The Wheeler-Magnus Round Barn is located on the grounds of a retirement community in the Cook County village of Arlington Heights in the USA state of Illinois. It is a 50 ft diameter barn built in approximately 1910.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 when it joined the Round Barns in Illinois Multiple Property Submission (MPS). It is the only round barn in Cook County listed on the Register.</p><br>
<p>The Ryan Round Barn is a historic round barn located about six miles north of the city of Kewanee, Illinois in Johnson-Sauk Trail State Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Ryan Round Barn was built for Laurence Ryan and completed in 1910 by German immigrant named Feurst. Ryan was a well-known brain surgeon in Chicago who was from Kewanee. He attended medical school at Loyola University and trained in Berlin and Vienna, later becoming the dean of the Medical School at Loyola. In 1908, he purchased 320 acres of land for a retreat from Chicago and the medical world and to explore his hobby of raising Black Angus cattle. The barn was intended to be where the cattle housed, fed and groomed under one roof. After Ryan&#39;s death in 1939, the barn was sold to E. A. Johnson of Annawan until it was sold to the state in 1967.</p><br>
<p>The barn was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 1974; it was the first round barn in the state to be added to the Register. In 1984, the Friends of Johnson Park Foundation was founded for the express purpose of saving the Round Barn. Currently, the barn features a display of antique farm machinery and implements, and is open to visitors seasonally.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The barn is 61 ft tall and 74 ft in diameter, making it the largest round barn in Illinois. The interior of the barn has three and a half levels and a central silo. The roof features four gambrel dormers spaced evenly around the edge and a cupola at the top. The side board are constructed horizontally to form continuous circles.</p><br>
<p>The Raymond Schulz Round Barn or Raymond Schultz Round Barn is a round barn in the USA state of Illinois. The barn was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on August 26, 1982, as part of the original Multiple Property Submission, Round Barns in Illinois Thematic Resources.</p><br>
<p>It is also known as Schultz Round Barn.</p><br>
<p>The Schulz Barn was built explicitly after its owner viewed the round barns at the University of Illinois Agriculture Experiment Station. Today, those barns make up part of the University of Illinois Experimental Dairy Farm Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia Tillery Round Barn is a round barn located on County Route 738 west of White Hall in Greene County, Illinois. The barn was built in the fall of 1912 for farmer Harry C. Price. With a 36 ft diameter, the barn is relatively small for an Illinois round barn; the median diameter of Illinois round barns was 60 ft. Its size suggests that it served as a general-purpose barn, not a dairy barn like the state&#39;s larger round barns. Brown tile blocks were used to build the barn, which is topped by a wood shingle roof with a cupola.</p><br>
<p>Hay was taken in through the door above the barn&#39;s north entrance.</p><br>
<p>The barn was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 6, 1982. It was one of several barns added as part of the Round Barns in Illinois Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>Ron George Round Barn is a round barn northeast of the USA village of Romeoville, Illinois. It was originally constructed for Frank Eaton c. 1912–13 in Bolingbrook, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wilbur J. Fraser, who designed most of the round barns in Illinois, encouraged his brother-in-law Frank Eaton to construct such a barn. Eaton was living in the nearby settlement of Plainfield at the time. The $1,500 building served nine horse stalls and may have served cows as well. It was named after Eaton&#39;s young grandson Ron George. Ownership of the barn was later transferred to George, who maintained the property until the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>George Round Barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service in December 1982, four months after four other round barns joined the Register as part of the Multiple Property Submission (MPS), Round Barns in Illinois. In 1998, in an effort to prevent its demolition, the barn was dismantled and moved elsewhere in Bolingbrook. It was finally reconstructed in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The round barn in 60 ft in diameter and sits on a poured concrete foundation. The single-hip roof has wooden shingles. The central silo is elliptical and is accessed from the loft. A wooden cupola is found 60 ft above the ground. The main entrance was originally on the northwest side of the barn. The original building materials are still in use. At its original location, the barn abutted two large sheds, one to the east and one from the south. The round design was believed to be more efficient than the typical rectangular barn.</p><br>
<p>The Brandywine Battlefield Historic Site is a National Historical Landmark. The historic park is owned and operated by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, on 52 acre, near Chadds Ford, Delaware County, Pennsylvania in the United States.</p><br>
<p>It is part of the site of the Battle of Brandywine, which was fought on September 11, 1777, during the American Revolution, and was a decisive victory for the British and cleared a path directly to the rebel capital of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>Brandywine Battlefield Park became a Pennsylvania State Park in 1949 and a National Historic Landmark in 1961. Although the battle area covered more than ten square miles, or 35,000 acres, the modern park only covers the fifty acres that served primarily as the Continental encampment during the two days prior to the battle.</p><br>
<p>To the north, another part of the battlefield is maintained by Birmingham Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania as "Battlefield of the Brandywine Park," or "Sandy Hollow Heritage Park." Much of the afternoon&#39;s fighting took place between Birmingham Friends Meetinghouse and the William Brinton 1704 House near Dilworthtown.</p><br>
<p>On August 14, 2009, the state closed the battlefield and three other PHMC museums indefinitely due to a lack of funding as part of an ongoing budget crisis. The historic site opened again after 11 days, operating under an interim agreement between the PHMC and Chadds Ford Township with the Brandywine Battlefield Associates, or "Friends of Brandywine Battlefield" who now operate the site with staff and volunteers.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Brandywine Battlefield Park is about a half-mile east of Brandywine Creek in southeastern Pennsylvania. Its proximity to Philadelphia, about 30 miles, led directly to the land being the location of a major battle of the American Revolution. The creek itself was a major military obstacle during the 1770s. Brandywine Creek served as a "moat" that blocked British access to the Schuylkill River and the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. The British Army sought to seize control of Philadelphia, drive the Congress out of the city and thereby bring an end to the war. The area was also a crossroads of the Thirteen Colonies. Control of the roads was crucial to the supply of both the British and Continental Armies.</p><br>
<h2>Battle</h2><br>
<p>General George Washington moved his troops to the Chadds Ford area to control the high ground, prevent the British Army under the command of General Howe from taking Philadelphia and to avoid being trapped between the British Army on land and the Royal Navy which was positioned on the Delaware River in September 1777. The British had landed at the head of Maryland&#39;s Elk River, on the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay near present-day Elkton, approximately 40–50 miles (60–80 km) southwest of Philadelphia and were marching towards Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The British grouped forces at nearby Kennett Square. Howe had no intention of mounting a full-scale attack against the prepared American defenses. He instead employed a flanking maneuver similar to those used in the Battle of Long Island. A portion of the army, about 5,000 men under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen, were to advance to meet Washingtons troops at Chadds Ford, while the remainder, under the command of Lord Charles Cornwallis, were to march north to Jefferis Ford, several miles to the north, which Washington had overlooked, and then march south to flank the American forces.</p><br>
<p>September 11 began with a heavy fog, which provided cover for the British troops. Washington received contradictory reports about the British troop movements and continued to believe that the main force was moving to attack at Chadds Ford. The British appeared on the Americans right flank at around 2 p.m. With Hazens brigades outflanked, General John Sullivan, tried to reposition his troops to meet the unexpected British threat to their right flank. But Howe was slow to attack the American troops, which bought time for the Americans to position some of their men on high ground at Birmingham Meeting House, about a mile (2 km) north of Chadds Ford. By 4 p.m., the British attacked and quickly gained the ground from the Continental Army. Sullivan then attacked a group of Hessian troops trying to outflank the Americans near Meeting House Hill and bought some time for most of the men to withdraw. But Sullivan&#39;s men were cut down by return British fire, forcing them to retreat.</p><br>
<p>At this point, Washington and Greene arrived with reinforcements to try to hold off the British, who now occupied Meeting House Hill. The remains of Sullivan&#39;s men held off the pursuing British for nearly an hour but were eventually forced to retreat. The Americans were also forced to leave behind most of their cannon on Meeting House Hill because most of the artillery horses were killed.</p><br>
<p>Knyphausen, on the east bank of Brandywine Creek, launched an attack against the weakened American center across Chadds Ford, breaking through and Waynes division and forcing him to retreat and leave behind most of his cannon. Armstrongs militia, never engaged in the combat, also decided to retreat from their positions. Further north, Greene sent Colonel Weedons troops to cover the road just outside the town of Dilworth to hold off the British long enough for the rest of the Continental Army to retreat. Darkness brought the British pursuit to a standstill, which then left Weedons force to retreat. The defeated Americans were forced to retreat to Chester where most of them arrived at midnight, with some stragglers arriving until morning.</p><br>
<p>The battle cost the British about 89 killed and 487 wounded, while they claimed to have killed 200 Colonials, wounded 750 more, and captured over 400 as well as destroying or capturing 11 of the American artillery guns.</p><br>
<p>Although Howe had defeated the American army, the unexpected resistance he had met prevented him from destroying it completely. The American morale had not been destroyed; despite losing the battle, the Americans had good spirits hoping to fight the British again another day. But neither commander in the battle had proven themselves. Washington had committed a serious error in leaving his right flank wide open and nearly brought on destruction if it had not been for Sullivan, Sterling, and Stephen&#39;s divisions that fought for time. Howe had waited too long to attack the American right flank, showing again his lack of killer instincts because he was still afraid of sustaining heavy casualties since the costly victory at the Battle of Bunker Hill two years earlier, and thus allowed most of the American army to escape.</p><br>
<p>British and American forces maneuvered around each other for the next several days with only minor encounters such as the Paoli Massacre on the night of September 20–21.</p><br>
<p>The Continental Congress abandoned Philadelphia, first to Lancaster, Pennsylvania for one day and then to York, Pennsylvania. Military supplies were moved out of the city to the Van Leer Furnace in Reading, Pennsylvania during Washington&#39;s retreat, where they also came for musket repairs. On September 26, 1777, British forces marched into Philadelphia unopposed.</p><br>
<h2>Park facilities</h2><br>
<p>Brandywine Battlefield Park was the site of a thriving farming community until just before the battle. Quaker farmers were getting ready to harvest their crops, plant winter wheat, slaughter beef cattle, hogs, shear their sheep and sell their yearling colts and fillies. The pacifist Quakers were thrust into the center of the battle and much of their farmland, livestock, and crops were destroyed.</p><br>
<p>The American officers seized their farmhouses before the battle and the victorious British officers occupied the Quakers homes after the battle. These homes have been restored to their 1777 appearance and are open to the public. The Benjamin Ring House is believed to have been used as headquarters by George Washington before the battle. A collection of Quaker style furniture is on display at the house with historical information about the battle and Washingtons stay at the house.</p><br>
<p>The Gideon Gilpin House, once the home of a prosperous Quaker farmer and his family, served as quarters for the Marquis de Lafayette before the battle and he was brought back to it when he was wounded in combat. The house was pillaged by the British after the battle.</p><br>
<p>Reenactors portray Hessian, Quaker farmers, and British and Continental soldiers during many special events held at the park during the year. Staff and volunteers provided daily guided tours of the park and battlefield. They also guide hands on activities, give speeches, sponsor seminars, and host open houses. Much of the battlefield is preserved but encroaching suburban sprawl is threatening the park. The park is protected by its status as a National Historic Landmark District, designated as such by the United States Congress in 1997, 220 years after the Battle of Brandywine.</p><br>
<h2>Current state</h2><br>
<p>The Gideon Gilpin House has been restored and preserved in its 1777 appearance. The Benjamin Ring House used by General George Washington, was used on and off until the 1930s, when young local residents accidentally set off a bomb (fire)</p><br>
<p>that destroyed the home. In the 1950s, a new home was built to reflect the time period of the 1770s.</p><br>
<p>The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved more than 187 acres of the battlefield as of mid-2023.</p><br>
<p>The Elephant Hotel is a historic former hotel which today serves as the town hall in Somers, in Westchester County, New York, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  on August 7, 1974 as Somers Town House and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2005 as Elephant Hotel. It is also a contributing property in the NRHP-listed Somers Hamlet Historic District. It is located at 335 US 202, across from the northern end of NY 100.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hachaliah Bailey (known as the creator of Bailey Circus) built the Elephant Hotel in Somers, NY, after buying an African elephant, which he named "Old Bet". Bailey intended to use the elephant for farm work, but the number of people it attracted caused Bailey to tour her throughout the northeast. Old Bet was killed on tour in 1816, when she was shot by a local farmer. Baileys tours were the first of their type in the nation, and inspired numerous others to tour with exotic animals, and during the 1830s the old style circus and Baileys attractions merged to form the modern circus. Due to this, Somers is known as the "Cradle of the American Circus".</p><br>
<p>Bailey had purchased this land in 1805, and began construction of the hotel in 1821, as a memorial to the animals he displayed.</p><br>
<p>The Elephant Hotel was purchased by the town of Somers in 1927. It is a town landmark and was dedicated a National Historic Landmark in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Museum of the Early American Circus</h2><br>
<p>The Somers Historical Society occupies the third floor of the building. The Society operates the Museum of the Early American Circus, which is open on Thursday afternoons and for special holidays.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Monumental Mysteries featured an episode about Old Bet in 2013</p><br>
<p>Japanese singer-songwriter Akiko Yano released an album titled Elephant Hotel in 1994; the cover features a photograph of Yano standing in front of the hotel.</p><br>
<p>Fricks Locks Historic District or more simply Fricks Lock is an abandoned village, along the also abandoned Schuylkill Canal, in the northeast portion of East Coventry Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. This 18th-century village outlasted the canal, being abandoned in the late 20th century with the construction of the adjacent Limerick Nuclear Power Plant. The village on about 18 acres of land were listed as a historic district by the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. Fricks Locks is considered a modern ghost town and, although private property, attracts visitors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Canal era</h3><br>
<p>While some buildings date from the American Revolutionary War era, the village name was a result of the "Schuylkill Navigation" canal. The canal required construction, in the early 1820s, of a set of locks at that point along the Schuylkill River. Locks #54 and #55 were built on farmland acquired from John Frick and the village became known as Fricks Locks. The village thrived due to the economic stimulus of the canal. Eventually the commercial canal traffic declined toward the turn of the century and gave way to the railroad. Fricks Locks had become the singular Frick&#39;s Lock after the Pennsylvania Schuylkill Valley Railroad arrived and built a station with the latter name. The canal was filled in starting in 1942. While the railroad eventually declined after Conrail was formed on April 1, 1976, the village remained inhabited until near the end of the 20th century.</p><br>
<h3>Nuclear era</h3><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the then Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) began the process of building the Limerick Nuclear Power Station immediately across the river from Fricks Lock. The station went on line in 1986. During the project, PECO acquired all the land around the station site, which included Fricks Lock. There are possibly conflicting stories as to the residents being bought out and relocated nearby and one that describes a 48-hour notice forced eviction. In any event the buildings were vacated and simply boarded up. There is evidence that some of the buildings were later occupied by an environmental study company retained by PECO.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>In the late 1990s Paul S. Frick (1925-2014), in an effort to preserve the property along with family history, began compiling all of the historical information and then hired Estelle Cremers who lived in the area, to assist him. Paul paid for all the costs and work that led to the property being listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 2003. In February 2011, East Coventry Township partnered with Exelon Corporation to preserve and protect the historic site. Under this new agreement, Exelon effectively donated the land and eleven historic structures at Fricks Lock Village to East Coventry Township, valued at an estimated $1 million. In addition, Exelon will spend close to $2.5 million to stabilize and rehabilitate these historic structures.As of late 2021, the majority of the old buildings are now surrounded by a substantial fence with padlocked gates. A few older buildings outside the fence near the parking lot have imagery of windows affixed where windows would be and imagery of doors where doors would be. Another building near the parking lot has public restrooms, but those doors are frequently locked with no signage to explain if the restrooms are temporarily or permanently closed.In January 2022, access to the parking lot outside the village fence has been blocked with a new padlocked gate, presumably controlled by East Coventry Township. Lacking any other public parking nearby, Fricks Lock stands to lose its stature as a trailhead for the Schuylkill River Trail that passes within a few dozen yards of the fenced-in village.</p><br>
<p>As of September 2023, there are clean, functional restrooms and the parking lot is unlocked. Just past the parking lot are closed gates with no trespassing signs that bear the Exelon corporate logo.</p><br>
<h2>Ghost town</h2><br>
<p>Because of its reputation as a modern ghost town, Fricks Lock attracts many curious individuals and groups, including ghost hunters. Its isolated location and abandoned status also attracts vandals. The inclusion of the Fricks Lock in the 2005 book, Weird Pennsylvania, and numerous web photo essays of the buildings have increased its popularity. The web sites have also documented its increased deterioration, including the aforementioned vandalism and the collapse of some porch structures.</p><br>
<p>As of March 2008, Fricks Lock remained a hotbed for thrill-seeking amateur urban archaeologists and vandals. Interest grew after a fire destroyed the Lock Tenders House in February 2008. Since then, Exelon has made numerous attempts to clean up debris from the property and to close up open wells and open buildings. Vandals continue with their destruction of the buildings.</p><br>
<p>Police are now attempting to discourage the continued vandalism by citing all unauthorized people found on the property with trespassing.</p><br>
<p>Bushy Run Battlefield Park is a historical park operated by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission  and the on 218 acre in Penn Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania in the United States. It was the site of the Battle of Bushy Run fought on August 5–6, 1763 during the Pontiac&#39;s Rebellion. The battle was a major victory for the British and enabled them to secure their control of the Ohio River Valley and what was to become the Northwest Territory.</p><br>
<p>Bushy Run Battlefield Park was established as a Pennsylvania state park in 1927 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960. Bushy Run Battlefield Park is the only historic site or museum that deals exclusively with Pontiacs Rebellion and Pennsylvanias only recognized Native American battlefield. The park is located on Pennsylvania Route 993 near Harrison City and Jeannette.</p><br>
<h2>Battle history</h2><br>
<p>The Battle of Bushy Run was fought between a British relief column under the command of Colonel Henry Bouquet and a combined force of Delaware, Shawnee, Mingo, and Huron warriors. In July 1763, a British relief column consisting of 500 British soldiers was sent to relieve Fort Pitt, then under siege. Under the command of Bouquet, the column left Carlisle, Pennsylvania. On August 5, while passing through present-day Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, the column was ambushed by a large force of Delaware, Shawnee, Mingo, and Huron 25 mi east of Fort Pitt. The British managed to hold their ground and, after the natives withdrew after sunset, Bouquet ordered a redoubt, made of sacks of flour, constructed on Edge Hill placing their wounded and livestock in the center of the redoubt.</p><br>
<p>The following morning, after the evening sentries were being relieved, the allied tribes attacked only to be ambushed themselves by the relieved sentries. As the tribal forces were flanked, the warriors fled in a disorganized retreat. With troops under Bouquet, the column dispersed the attackers before heading to Bushy Run, where there was badly needed water. The battle has since been attributed to Bushy Run despite the main fighting taking place in Edge Hill. Bouquet then marched to the relief of Fort Pitt. The battle was costly with 50 British soldiers killed. The confederacy of the Delaware, Shawnee, Mingo, and Huron also suffered an unknown number of casualties including two prominent Delaware chieftains.</p><br>
<h2>Park history</h2><br>
<p>Bushy Run Battlefield Park was established as a state park in 1927.</p><br>
<p>In August 2009, the state closed several PHMC museums indefinitely due to a lack of funding as part of an ongoing budget crisis. Bushy Run Battlefield was one of the sites set to be closed. With the help of the Bushy Run Battlefield Heritage Society, the site&#39;s volunteer organization, the museum remained open despite budget cuts. On May 5, 2010, the Bushy Run Battlefield Heritage Society came to an agreement with the PHMC to allow the volunteers to staff and operate the museum.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the Bushy Run Battlefield Heritage Society installed a bronze monument at the park to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the Battle of Bushy Run. The monument was created by bronze sculptor Wayne Hyde. Historical artists Robert Griffing and John Buxton designed concepts for the monument. Hyde and Griffing worked together to photograph reenactors for the final design. The location of the bronze monument and surrounding memorial courtyard mark where the first action in battle took place on August 5, 1763.</p><br>
<p>In May 2024, the park was inducted into the Old-Growth Forest Network for its old-growth trees. The oldest trees on the property are estimated to be 170 and 210 years old. On June 26, 2024, the park sustained damage from an EF1 tornado. While buildings and sections of old-growth forest were spared, many trees came down and caused the park to close for several months for cleanup.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<h3>Visitor Center</h3><br>
<p>The Visitor Center is open throughout the year and includes museum exhibits, a theater, and a gift shop.</p><br>
<h3>Tours and programs</h3><br>
<p>Bushy Run Battlefield Heritage Society offers guided tours of the battlefield, along with educational programs including field trips, day camps, lectures, nature walks, and reenactor demonstrations. Battle reenactments are held annually on the first full weekend of August.</p><br>
<h3>Trails and grounds</h3><br>
<p>The grounds have several trails through wooded and open landscapes. Wayside exhibits located throughout the park interpret the Battle of Bushy Run. A granite monument on Edge Hill marks the site of Colonel Henry Bouquets "flour bag fort," where soldiers placed bags of flour to protect themselves and the wounded. Bronze plaques on the stone have quotes from Bouquets letters about the battle. A bronze monument and memorial courtyard mark the location of the first action in battle on August 5, 1763.</p><br>
